1400kt/a重油催化裂化装置扩能改造及其效果

洛阳炼油厂Ⅱ套RFCCU为提高处理能力,根据生产中暴露出的问题,在2000年装置检修中,通过分馏塔顶循系统增加一台湿式空冷器,再生器增加取热能力和换用CCK型高效喷嘴等有针对性的技术改造,以及通过将再生方式由完全再生改为不完全再生,消除了装置主要“瓶颈”,处理量超过设计值,并且产品分布理想,扩能效果显著,达到了预期目标。     

Comparison of throttle devices to measure two-phase flowrates of wet gas with extremely-low liquid loading

The online measurement of wet gas with extremely-low liquid loading (Lockhart-Martinelli parameter lower than 0.02) remains a challenge. In this study, three types of throttle devices, Venturi, orifice plate and cone, are compared experimentally with air-water two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe of inner diameter of 50 mm. High-precision correlations are established to measure the gas and liquid flowrates via a single throttle device. Results show that the two-phase mass flow coefficient (K) of the three throttle devices all increase linearly with the liquid densiometric Froude number and the K correlations are established respectively to correct the gas mass flowrate deviation. The pressure loss ratio (δ) for Venturi is sensitive and monotonous to the liquid loading, which contributes to the high accuracy of liquid flowrate measurement. By incorporating the K correlations, both the gas and liquid mass flowrates can be predicted precisely. The relative error of the gas mass flowrate predicted by the Venturi is within ±2.0% at 95% confidence level, and that of the liquid mass flowrate is within ±15% at 90% confidence level.     

已建电厂脱硫"湿烟囱"的防腐

本文针对脱硫湿烟气的腐蚀性,介绍脱硫湿烟囱的防腐特点,说明各种可用于湿烟囱内壁防腐材料的性能及防腐蚀结构的形式,并对其防腐方案的技术和经济特点进行比较,并得出目前可行的方案。     

超声速环形蒸汽引射器凝结流场数值研究

采用时间相关法将描述湿蒸汽凝结流动的气-液两相控制方程进行耦合求解。采用Moses等提供的实验数据对缩放喷管算例进行了数值校验,验证了数值模型的可信度和准确性。在此基础上,对蒸汽引射流场内的水蒸汽凝结问题进行了数值仿真,结果表明:适当地提高引射总温、降低引射总压,可以减少流场中蒸汽的凝结量,同时也能降低凝结带来的性能损失。     

Performance prediction of gravity concentrator by using artificial neural network-a case study

In conventional chromite beneficiation plant, huge quantity of chromite is used to loss in the form of tailing. For recovery these valuable mineral, a gravity concentrator viz. wet shaking table was used. Optimisation along with performance prediction of the unit operation is necessary for efficient recovery. So, in this present study, an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling approach was attempted for predicting the performance of wet shaking table in terms of grade (%) and recovery (%). A three layer feed forward neural network (3:3–11–2:2) was developed by varying the major operating parameters such as wash water flow rate (L/min), deck tilt angle (degree) and slurry feed rate (L/h). The predicted value obtained by the neural network model shows excellent agreement with the experimental values.     

An assessment of the skid resistance effect on traffic safety under wet-pavement conditions

Pavement-tire friction provides the grip that is required for maintaining vehicle control and for stopping in emergency situations. Statistically significant negative correlations of skid resistance values and wet-pavement accident rates have been found in previous research. Skid resistance measured with SCRIM and crash data from over 1750 km of two-lane rural roads in the Spanish National Road System were analyzed to determine the influence of pavement conditions on safety and to assess the effects of improving pavement friction on safety. Both wet- and dry-pavement crash rates presented a decreasing trend as skid resistance values increased. Thresholds in SCRIM coefficient values associated with significant decreases in wet-pavement crash rates were determined. Pavement friction improvement schemes were found to yield significant reductions in wet-pavement crash rates averaging 68%. The results confirm the importance of maintaining adequate levels of pavement friction to safeguard traffic safety as well as the potential of pavement friction improvement schemes to achieve significant crash reductions.     

Gas pollutants removal in a single- and two-stage ejector-venturi scrubber

The absorption of SO₂ and NH₃ from the flue gas into NaOH and H₂SO₄ solutions, respectively has been studied using an industrial scale ejector–venturi scrubber. A statistical methodology is presented to characterise the performance of the scrubber by varying several factors such as gas pollutant concentration, air flowrate and absorbing solution flowrate. Some types of venturi tube constructions were assessed, including the use of a two-stage venturi tube.

The results showed a strong influence of the liquid scrubbing flowrate on pollutant removal efficiency. The initial pollutant concentration and the gas flowrate had a slight influence. The use of a two-stage venturi tube considerably improved the absorption efficiency, although it increased energy consumption.

The results of this study will be applicable to the optimal design of venturi-based absorbers for gaseous pollution control or chemical reactors.     

Scale-up and endpoint issues of pharmaceutical wet granulation in a V-type low shear granulator

A 3² factorial experiment is conducted in a 57 liter low shear granulator to evaluate the influence of changes in binder strength and agitator speed on the response variables of granule size, granule morphology, granule density and torque input. Results are compared to previous work in a 2 liter granulator and scale-up issues between the two granulators are addressed.     

Perturbed quantization steganography

In this paper, we use the recently proposed wet paper codes and introduce a new approach to passive-warden steganography called perturbed quantization. In perturbed quantization, the sender hides data while processing the cover object with an information-reducing operation that involves quantization, such as lossy compression, downsampling, or A/D conversion. The unquantized values of the processed cover object are considered as side information to confine the embedding changes to those unquantized elements whose values are close to the middle of quantization intervals. This choice of the selection channel calls for wet paper codes as they enable communication with non-shared selection channel. Heuristic is presented that indicates that the proposed method provides better steganographic security than current JPEG steganographic methods. This claim is further supported by blind steganalysis of a specific case of perturbed quantization for recompressed JPEG images.     

Nanoparticle engineering processes for enhancing the dissolution rates of poorly water soluble drugs

Poor water solubility is an industry wide issue, especially for pharmaceutical scientists in drug discovery and drug development. In recent years, nanoparticle engineering processes have become promising approaches for the enhancement of dissolution rates of poorly water soluble drugs. Nanoparticle engineering enables manufacturing of poorly water soluble drugs into nanoparticles alone, or incorporation with a combination of pharmaceutical excipients. The use of these processes has dramatically improved in vitro dissolution rates and in vivo bioavailabilities of many poorly water soluble drugs. This review highlights several commercially or potentially commercially available nanoparticle engineering processes recently reported in the literature for increasing the dissolution properties of poorly water soluble drugs.