High temperature oxidation behavior of ferritic steel in supercritical water at 550–700°C

Oxidation tests were conducted on ferritic steel T22 exposed to deaerated supercritical water at 550–700°C and 25 MPa. Oxide films formed on T22 had a double-layered structure with the outer layer consisting of iron oxide and the inner layer consisting of spinel oxide. Pores formed on the surface of samples initially but healed at longer exposure time and higher temperature. Cracks occurred along the grain boundaries in the oxide scale at 600–700°C for 200 and 400 h. The oxidation kinetics obeyed a near-parabolic law in all cases. The data of activation energy of T22 indicated that the likely oxidation rate-controlling step may be the outward diffusion of iron along the magnetite bulk.     

Structural and magnetic properties of nano-sized Cu-Cr ferrites prepared through a simple method using egg white

CuFe_2 − xCr_xO₄ (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanopowders were successfully synthesized by a simple method using metal nitrates and freshly extracted egg white. The resultant powders annealed at 550 °C for 2 h and were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results revealed the formation of cubic spinel structure at Cr concentrations ≥ 0.2. In spite of the lattice constant is hardly changed with increasing of Cr content, the magnetic properties of Cr-substituted copper ferrite are strongly affected. The saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercive force were found to decrease monotonously with increasing of Cr content.     

Synthesis of graphene soluble in organic solvents by simultaneous ether-functionalization with octadecane groups and reduction

Octadecane-functionalized graphene (OD-G) soluble in organic solvents was produced by combining the Hummers process for graphite oxidation and a simultaneous ether-functionalization and reduction approach with 1-bromooctadecane in pyridine and dimethylformamide (DMF). The exfoliated OD-Gs were testified to be monolayer sheets by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The functionalization with octadecane (OD) groups and the effective deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO) were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is proved that the effective reduction and functionalization of GO could be simultaneously completed during the refluxing process. The functionalization with OD groups can effectively prevent the aggregation of GO during the reduction.     

Impact of Co doping on physical,structural, microstructural and magnetic features of MgZn nanoferrites for high frequency applications

Cobalt (Co) doped MgZn spinel nanoferrites with composition Mg_0.5Zn_0.5Co_x Fe_2-xO₄ at x = 0.0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 were prepared using sol-gel auto ignition method. The characterizations techniques such as FESEM, FTIR, XRD and VSM were used to determine the morphology, force constants, phase, structure and magnetic features of the samples. Lattice parameters, FWHM, d-spacing, crystallite size, micro strains and volume were investigated using high score plus software. Materials analysis using diffraction (MAUD) software was also used to study the Rietveld refinement properties of the Co doped MgZn ferrites. Physical properties such as porosity, X-ray and bulk density were also determined. Force constants of their respective absorption bands were calculated from FTIR of the Co doped MgZn nanoferrites. Single phase structure with cubic phase were observed for MgZn and Co doped MgZn at x = 0.0 whereas second phase was observed at higher Co concentrations respectively. FESEM show regular shape of the particles at low Co concentrations whereas agglomerations were observed at higher Co concentrations respectively. The magnetic properties of the Co doped MgZn ferrites were also investigated from VSM study. Magnetic remanence, coercivity, initial permeability, saturation magnetization, Bohr magneton and anisotropy constant were determined from VSM analysis. The coercivity, saturation magnetization, remanence, anisotropy constant and initial permeability were enhanced with the doping of ‘Co’ in MgZn nanoferrites. Response of the Co doped MgZn nanoferrites at high frequency regime was also evaluated. It can be seen that the response from all the Co doped MgZn nanoferrites was 2.84 GHz–5.96 GHz respectively and suggested the use of these nanoferrites for the operation of nanodevices in the X-band high frequency regime.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Li[Li0.07Ni0.1Co0.6Mn0.23]O2 as a possible cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

The layered Li[Li_0.07Ni_0.1Co_0.6Mn_0.23]O₂ materials were synthesized by sol-gel method with glycine or citric acid as chelating agent. The prepared materials were characterized by means of XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Li/Li[Li_0.07Ni_0.1Co_0.6Mn_0.23]O₂ cells were assembled and subjected to charge-discharge studies at different C rates, viz 0.2, 1, 2 and 4 C. Although the samples showed less discharge capacity at 4 C rate the fade in capacity per cycle is lesser than that of capacity fade at 0.2 C rate. The citric acid assisted sample is found to be superior in terms of discharge capacity, capacity retention rate and also in thermal stability to that of sample prepared with glycine as chelating agent.     

老河口油田注水管网管损分析及治理

桩西采油厂老河口油田于1998年12月投入注水开发。目前注水系统建有注水支干线24条长32．6km,单井注水管线78条长29．7km。由于注水时间长和注水水质不合格,注水管线存在腐蚀堵塞情况,导致单井注水压力损失（最高4．9MPa）、水井欠注等问题。针对这一现象,采用XRD分析、细菌分析、水分析、酸溶分析等方法,对注水管网的腐蚀物主要成分、生成机理进行室内实验分析,通过酸化解除管线内的堵塞物,降低单井注水压力损失（最低0．1MPa）,取得良好的效果,并提出预防堵塞物产生的建议。     

不同温度下U_3O_8结构的XRD研究

在大气环境及25～850℃条件下，用X射线衍射(XRD)法研究了八氧化三铀(U3O8)的结构变化情况。在实验温度范围内发现，U3O8存在两种相结构，相变温度约为300℃。低于300℃时，U3O8为底心正交结构(Amm2)，在300℃附近转变为对称性更高的简单六方结构(P-62m)。在两种相结构稳定的温度范围内，U3O8的点阵参数随温度的增加呈现出规律性变化。     

Effects of physical aging on thermomechanical behaviors of poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG)

ABSTRACT

A series of experiments are performed to investigate the effects of physical aging on thermomechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)-glycol (PETG). The DMA, DSC and XRD tests are used to characterize the change of dynamic property, heat capacity and microstructure with annealing treatments. The uniaxial tension tests together with the DIC technique are employed to describe the failure behaviors of PETG. The results show that the annealed polymers exhibit a larger maximum local strain and fail at a smaller displacement. The type and size of the geometry defects can also affect the strain localization and final failure behaviors of PETG.     

In situ X-ray diffraction of the intercalation of (C2H5)4N and BF4 into graphite from acetonitrile and propylene carbonate based supercapacitor electrolytes

The intercalation of (C₂H₅)₄N⁺ and BF₄⁻ from acetonitrile (AN) and propylene carbonate (PC) solutions into bound graphite electrodes during cyclic voltammetry was investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) using synchrotron radiation. The disappearance of the 0 0 2 reflection of graphite in the XRD patterns upon intercalation of (C₂H₅)₄N⁺ indicates that the cations are accumulated between the graphene layers. For the intercalation of BF₄⁻, the appearance of 0 0 l reflexes in the intercalated state provides clear evidence of staging. In both cases, the in-plane periodicity was not significantly altered by the intercalation process apart from slight changes in the CC bond length. The intercalation of BF₄⁻ from the PC-based electrolyte was found to have the least destructive effect on the periodicity of the graphite structure during initial cycling in the anodic potential range along with the highest charge/discharge efficiency.     

“白松石”的宝石学特征及矿物组成

为弄清楚目前广州珠宝市场上"白松石"产品的矿物组成和结构特征,采用偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其常规宝石学、矿物学及谱学特征进行了研究。结果显示,该"白松石"样品呈瓷白色,具有暗色脉纹,除颜色外,其与绿松石的外观特征非常相似。该样品的摩氏硬度约为5,密度约为2.95 g/cm3,折射率约为1.68(点测)。综合测试结果表明,该样品的主要矿物组成为菱镁矿,次要矿物为石英、白云石等;菱镁矿呈隐晶质结构、块状构造,石英以脉状穿插于其中。目前,"白松石"的名称不规范,极易误导消费者,应正确定名为"菱镁矿"。