纤维素原料生产酒精糖化工艺的研究

以玉米秸秆为原料研究稀酸预糖化-酶糖化法发酵生产酒精的工艺,考察了工艺条件对纤维素出酒率的影响。稀酸预糖化具有打破秸秆结构的效果,但会伴随纤维素的损失,为了提高纤维素利用率,必须优选最佳工艺条件,经试验确定：预糖化过程固液比1∶9,硫酸浓度1.5％(w/w,与原料质量比,下同),140℃条件下预糖化1.5h;酶糖化过程底物浓度25%,pH5.0±0.1,加入1%的纤维素酶,糖化时间72h;此工艺条件纤维素糖化率可达83.82%。该条件酶糖化液发酵生产酒精,纤维素出酒率可达40.69%,发酵液酒精浓度6.20%vol。     

生态条件对不同烤烟品种烟叶产质量的影响

对云南省推广种植的 6个主要品种进行了不同生态条件的对比试验。结果表明 :生态条件对烟株田间长相长势、烟叶的产量和产值、化学成分、致香物质含量和烟叶评吸质量的影响大于品种造成的影响。因此 ,烤烟品种的合理布局是生产优质烟叶的关键措施之一。     

Rheological properties of foams generated from egg albumin after pH treatment

Rheological properties of foams at pH 4.5 and 8.5 made from egg albumin proteins after pH-induced unfolding and refolding treatments were investigated. The foams behaved as highly elastic materials. Static and dynamic yield stress was investigated using small, steady shear experiments. Yield stress was measured also in oscillation mode and high correlation was found between dynamic yield stress and critical stress amplitude. All pH treatments led to firmer foams than untreated foams at pH 8.5. At pH 8.5 the control foam had a very weak structure (static yield stress at 3.4 Pa and dynamic yield stress at 5.5 Pa for the fresh made foams), while pH-treated foams at pH 8.5 had values (static yield stress up to 39.2 Pa and dynamic yield stress up to 47.1 Pa for the fresh made foams) that were even higher than the values for the control at pH 4.5 (static yield stress at 22.4 Pa and dynamic yield stress at 25.4 Pa for the fresh made foams, which is a good foaming pH for egg albumin). It was shown that an increase in yield stress of foams after drainage is related to foam stability and liquid drainage. This study demonstrated that unfolding egg albumin at low or high pH followed by refolding leads to a substantial increase in foam firmness and gives the foam different properties than foams from untreated egg albumin.     

氯素营养对烤烟生长发育和产量、品质的影响

在湖南永州、衡南烤烟区进行的田间试验结果表明,适量的氯素营养有利于提高烤烟旺长期叶片中的叶绿素含量和植株根系活力,提高烤烟生长前期硝酸还原酶(NRase)的活性;在氯含量较低的土壤上,烟草所施用的钾肥中,氯化钾所占比例为15%～30%时(以K2O计),烟叶增产5.2%～16.9%,产值增加1911.0～7348.5元/hm2,中上等烟比例提高10.2～11.5个百分点,同时还能改善烟叶的品质.在我省及南方一些土壤氯含量较低的地区,在烟草上可考虑适当施用一定量的氯化钾部分代替硫酸钾,以降低肥料投入,提高经济效益.     

输气管道环焊缝表面裂纹管道极限载荷计算方法

为了便于对天然气长输管道环焊缝缺陷进行准确快速的安全评估,建立了考虑裂纹尖端奇异性的含环焊缝缺陷的有限元模型,计算了不同缺陷尺寸下的管道环焊缝裂纹J积分,分析了焊缝匹配系数及材料硬化指数对J积分的影响,进而研究了基于J积分理论的含缺陷管道的极限载荷影响因素,并在此基础上提出了适用于特定匹配系数和材料硬化指数情况下能够实现J积分及极限载荷快速求解的工程计算公式。研究结果表明:①根据有限元计算结果拟合的工程计算公式具有较高的精度,可以满足较大缺陷几何尺寸范围内J积分求解,实现含环焊缝裂纹缺陷的管道极限载荷求解;②含环焊缝缺陷管道的裂纹J积分与缺陷尺寸、材料属性以及焊缝匹配系数密切相关,含缺陷管道的极限载荷会随着裂纹尺寸的增加而降低,而随着材料硬化指数的增大而增大;③对含环焊缝中心线处表面裂纹的X80钢制管道而言,低匹配焊接管道极限承载能力要弱于高匹配或等匹配焊接管道。结论认为,该研究成果可为现役输气管道的安全评价及完整性管理提供参考。     

国内外石油萘生产技术进展

介绍了近年来国内外萘的主要生产技术及发展状况 ,尤其是石油萘的生产技术。指出了我国石油萘发展应解决的问题     

The effect of coagulant type on yield and sensory properties of semihard cheese from laboratory‐, pilot‐ and commercial‐scale productions

Using calf rennet or a commercial microbial rennet substitute derived from Rhizomucor miehei cheesemaking experiments were performed at laboratory and pilot scale, and at commercial scale in two industrial dairy plants during regular production. At all levels of scale, the solids transfer from milk to curd was significantly higher (0.50–1.19%) when using calf rennet. There were significant differences in levels of proteolysis during maturation and in levels of bitterness at 12 weeks of ripening between Gouda cheeses produced with calf rennet or with commercial rennet substitute at pilot and at commercial scale.     

施肥方法对烤烟生长发育及产、质量的影响

在南雄烟区进行了施肥方法对烤烟生长发育及产、质量的影响试验。结果表明:烟苗生长发育前期施足基肥,在旺长-圆顶期追肥时,将钾肥分次兑水淋施能平衡烟株对营养的吸收,促进烟株生长发育和上部叶的开片,提高烟叶的产、质量及可用性。在南雄烟区烤烟以70%烟草专用肥作基肥在移栽时施入,30%烟草专用肥作追肥在大培土时施入,100%硝酸钾作追肥在旺长-圆顶期分3次兑水淋施的施肥方法效果最佳。     

我国冬油菜区土壤肥力变化及施肥效果演变

本文分析了1961—1965年、1981—1985年及2004—2006年3个时期我国冬油菜种植区的土壤肥力状况,氮、磷、钾及硼肥的施用效果,氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率及肥料贡献率。结果表明,与20世纪60年代相比,近期油菜主产区耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷及有效硼含量大幅度上升;土壤有机质、速效磷及有效硼含量较20世纪80年代也略有增加。但由于土壤养分临界值水平的提高,近期土壤有效氮、磷、钾、硼的缺乏范围存在扩大趋势。田间肥效试验结果表明,以增产量为标准,近期施用氮、磷、钾、硼油菜籽增产高于其它两个时期。施肥在油菜籽产量中的贡献率从1961—1965年间的23．8％和1981—1985年间的54．5％增长到2004—2006年间的55．1％。总体上,我国冬油菜种植区土壤养分肥力稳中有升,但速效养分相对缺乏面积扩大;施肥对油菜籽单产的贡献率增大,油菜丰产必须建立在科学施肥的基础上。