水包水聚丙烯酰胺在压裂废水处理中的应用

研究了水包水阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺水处理剂在油田压裂废水中的应用。研究结果表明:水包水阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺与聚合氯化铝复配用于大庆油田压裂废水的处理工艺中,可使絮凝反应时间缩短到1min以内、处理后水的浊度可降低到6NTU、pH达到中性、COD从原水的4973mg/L下降为530mg/L,去除率88.2%;结合活性炭吸附及膜处理工艺,使处理后出水的COD达到61.3mg/L。     

CASS+BAF工艺在炼油污水处理中的应用

炼油厂高含油污水难于处理.通过对山东某炼油厂污水处理的设计探讨表明,CASS+BAF处理工艺可保证出水达到污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)二类污染物一级标准,为类似石油炼厂的污水处理提供了新途径.     

压裂酸化用粘弹性表面活性剂溶液研究进展

粘弹性表面活性剂溶液的高表面活性及独特的流变特性可以作为理想的压裂、酸化、砾石充填等增产改造以及三次采油措施流体。详细介绍了粘弹性表面活性剂流体的组成、制备与表征方法,阐述了典型粘弹性表面活性剂流体流变特性研究现状;概述了粘弹性表面活性剂流体在压裂、酸化等增产措施中的应用进展,并指出了粘弹性表面活性剂流体矿场推广应用尚需解决的问题。     

水力压裂测定岩盐的断裂韧度

通过用空心厚壁带径向对称裂纹的方柱形试件进行液体压裂来测定岩盐的断裂韧度,探讨了围压、轴压及裂纹深度对断裂韧度的影响。     

Nitrogen utilization from diluted and undiluted nitric acid treated cattle slurry following surface application to grassland

Acidification of cattle slurry with nitric acid to pH 4.5 was studied on experimental dairy farms in the Netherlands as a measure to reduce ammonia losses. This paper presents the results of two field experiments, carried out to assess the utilization of nitrogen (N) from nitric acid treated cattle slurry following surface application to grassland. Three aspects were studied: (i) the utilization of N from nitric acid treated cattle slurry following a single surface application to grassland; (ii) the effects of multiple applications of nitric acid treated cattle slurry on N utilization, residual inorganic N in the soil and sward quality; and (iii) the residual effects of nitric acid treated slurry on DM and N yield. In these experiments undiluted acidified slurry (UAS) and diluted acidified slurry (DAS) were compared with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). Apparent N recoveries (ANR) and apparent N efficiencies (ANE) were calculated on the basis of inorganic N in applied fertilizer and slurries. Following single applications of UAS and CAN on the sward on the clay soil, the average ANR values of UAS and CAN were 0.74 and 0.75 kg kg^-1, respectively. The average ANE values of UAS and CAN were 30.3 and 29.5 kg DM per kg N, respectively. Single applications of DAS and CAN on the sandy soil resulted in average ANR values of 0.65 and 0.84 kg kg^-1 and average ANE values of 24.1 and 29.2 kg DM per kg N for DAS and CAN, respectively. On average, the direct ANR values after four successive applications of CAN, UAS or DAS were 0.82, 0.82 and 0.74 kg kg^-1, respectively and the direct ANE values were 28.4, 27.8 and 27.0 kg DM per kg N. On the sandy soil, the amount of residual inorganic N in the soil after the 4th cut increased with increasing rates of inorganic N application, with a slightly higher amount on plots treated with acidified slurry than on plots fertilized with CAN. On the clay soil, the amount of residual inorganic N was not affected by N application rate nor N source. On average, the residual ANR values, in the unfertilized 5th and 6th cuts, of CAN, UAS or DAS were 0.08, 0.10 and 0.09 kg kg^-1, respectively and the residual ANE values were 2.7, 3.3 and 3.0 kg DM per kg N. It was concluded that nitric acid treated cattle slurry is an effective N fertilizer on grassland and that the residual effect of nitric acid treated cattle slurry is only marginally higher than that of CAN. Repeated applications of nitric acid treated cattle slurry did not affect sward composition.     

组合生物技术处理D-抗坏血酸钠工业废水

对高浓度制药废水首先进行浓缩蒸发预处理,彻底除硫除盐以后,再通过一系列的厌氧、兼氧、缺氧-好氧组合处理,充分发挥在不同环境条件下各类微生物代谢降解有机污染物的功能,使废水中COD由2.8×104 mg/L降到300 mg/L以下,经过5个月的稳定运行后,于2005年1月12日顺利通过郑州市环保局组织的达标验收.     

水解酸化-好氧工艺处理混合化工废水

介绍了水解酸化-好氧处理法在混合化工废水治理上的应用,采用该工艺的装置自2005年9月投产至今处理效果稳定,进水COD在600 mg/L左右时,出水COD《80 mg/L,达到国家排放标准,COD去除率》80%.     

水解酸化/曝气-间歇曝气工艺处理树脂废水

采用水解酸化/曝气-间歇曝气(DAT-IAT)工艺处理树脂废水,运行结果表明,该工艺具有耐冲击负荷能力强、运行稳定、处理效果好、运行费用低等优点.处理后的出水达到国家污水综合排放三级标准.     

钝化土壤酸化过程机理及关键影响因子研究

施加钝化材料固定有毒重金属的方法在污染土壤修复领域有着广泛应用。但钝化土壤的酸化作用会使已固定的重金属重新活化,钝化剂应用在长效性方面存在局限。因此,研究钝化土壤酸化对土壤修复工作有重要应用参考价值。本研究选取西南地区3种代表性土壤,分别测定其酸化程度与交换性酸浓度,通过相关性分析判断土壤酸化的内在机理;同时应用SPSS软件,通过多元统计分析方法探究土壤理化性质对土壤酸化的影响,进一步采用主成分分析和线性回归方程建立定量函数表达以研究影响钝化土壤酸化的关键因子。结果表明：1）钝化土壤酸化的实质主要是致酸交换性离子H⁺和Al³⁺置换盐基离子Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的过程。反应前期主要是Al³⁺积累,其与酸化程度相关性达0.567;2）影响土壤酸化关键的因子是Ca元素和土壤粒度,其中Ca的影响最大, 主成分分析结果显示其贡献率达到79%;在土壤粒度组成中,黏粒百分比对酸化影响最大;3）本研究尝试提出钝化材料的选择应遵循“补偿机制”,即在选择钝化成分时针对性地补充土壤较匮乏的因子,同时避免添加较丰足因子。本文的定量分析结果为今后深入研究钝化土壤酸化提供理论依据。     

Weakening effects of hydraulic fracture in hard roof under the influence of stress arch

For the problem of hydraulic fracture propagation when weakening the hard roof in fully mechanized top-coal caving stope of ultra-thick coal seam, based on the stress arch theory and the fracture mechanics, a two-dimensional model for hydraulic fracture of the roof in the stope was established to investigate the propagation laws of hydraulic fracture. The result shows that, after mining, the principal stress direction of overlaying rock deflects to form the stress arch, whose arrow height and arch thickness increase with the increase of the mining width and the side pressure coefficient. Within the influence range of stress arch, the hydraulic fracture in hard roof deflects towards the stope direction in the course of propagation and forms the ‘‘arch" fracture, which cuts off the roof below the fracture in a laminated way. The deflection angle of hydraulic fracture increases with the increase of the mining width, but decreases with the increase of the side pressure coefficient and the fractured horizon. This research can provide theoretical basis for the application of hydraulic fracturing method in the stope roof weakening.