Antimicrobial finishing of regular and modified polyethylene terephthalate fabrics

An effective two-stage method has been developed for imparting antimicrobial properties to regular polyethylene terephthalate (R-PET), polyethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PEG-M-PET), R-PET/Cotton blend (R-PET/C) and PEG-M-PET/Cotton blend (PEG-M-PET/C) fabrics. The method consists of partial hydrolysis of the fabrics to create carboxylic groups in PET macromolecules followed by subsequent reaction with dimethylalkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (DMABAC) under alkaline conditions. The reaction conditions such as pH, reaction temperature and time, carboxylic content, and DMABAC concentration were studied. Characterization of the finished fabrics was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). All the modified PET fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive (Bacillus mycoides), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and nonfilamentous fungus (Candida albicans). The achieved antimicrobial functions on the PET fabrics are durable in repeated laundering processes. Even after laundering 10 times the fabrics could still provide more than 85% of its antimicrobial activity against B. mycoides, E. coli, and C. albicans. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Methacrylic acid–acrylamide-g-poly(ethyleneterephthalate) fibres for urea hydrolysis

This paper presents the results of urease immobilization onto methacrylic acid–acrylamide grafted poly(ethyleneterephthalate) fibres. The graft yield strongly affected the maximum activity of the immobilized enzyme up to a value of 70·2%. Higher grafting caused a decline in urease activity and led to the degradation of the fibres. The minor changes observed in K_m and V_max demonstrated that the conformational changes existed during immobilization were not extensive. However, 70·2% methacrylic acid–acrylamide-g-fibres containing urease were more stable towards acidic and alkaline pH, high temperature and storage conditions compared with free enzyme. Apart from the increase in stability to heat inactivation, the initial enzymatic activity of the urease–fibre system remained almost unchanged even after 40 repeated assays corresponding to 10 h of operation in 4 months, indicating the excellent durability of the system.     

AMMONIA CATALYZED ORGANOSOLV DELIGNIFICATION OF POPLAR

A parametric investigation of NH₄OH catalyzed solvent delignification of poplar was conducted to define pretreatment conditions which would yield an optimal separation of the biomass components and an enzymatic susceptible solid carbohydrate phase. Delignification parameters of interest included concentration of NH₄OH, time and temperature of the reaction, and type of solvent. The addition of 0.82 M NH₄OH to the delignification liquor increased lignin removal and decreased carbohydrate degradation, but increasing NH₄OH concentration had no additional effect. At lower reaction temperatures, the extent of delignification increased with reaction time; at higher temperatures, a “relignification” of the pretreated wood was observed. The delignification and hemicellulose solubilization were modelled and rate constants reported. No major difference between three potential pulping solvents—ethanol, butanol, phenol—was observed. The enzymatic susceptibility of pretreated wood samples was approximately 6-fold greater than that of the untreated poplar. UV absorbance was used to qualitatively characterize the soiubilized lignins.     

PVA厂乙酸甲酯水解回收系统全流程模拟

本文应用HYSYS~等流程模拟软件模拟PVA厂乙酸甲酯(MeOAC)水解回收工序的全流程,分别模拟比较传统的固定床水解工艺、工业化的催化精馏水解工艺和本项目研究的萃取精馏与催化精馏耦合水解工艺。综合工艺流程的模拟,为了降低能耗,提出耦合水解工艺的中试方案:控制回流进料比约为3,进料水酯摩尔大于5,水解转化率大于90%mol,配合电渗析或连续萃取操作提浓乙酸,可望比原固定床工艺节能2成。通过中试反馈和进一步仿真,优化MeOAC水解耦合工艺流程体系,提出实现"深度水解"和"完全水解"的耦合水解工艺新方案,核算过程。结果表明耦合水解工艺方案可行,节能效果十分显著。     

Electrochemically Induced Crystalline-to-Amorphous Transition of Dinuclear Polyoxovanadate for High-Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries

Polyoxometalates are intriguing high-capacity anode materials for alkali-metal-ion storage due to their multi-electron redox capabilities and flexible structure. However, their poor electrical conductivity and high working voltage severely restrict their practical application. Herein, the dinuclear polyoxovanadate Sr₂V₂O₇·H₂O with unusually high electrical conductivity is reported as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. During the initial lithiation process, the Sr₂V₂O₇·H₂O anode experiences an electrochemically induced crystalline-to-amorphous transition. The resulting amorphous structure provides high redox activity and fast reaction kinetics via reversible V^4.9+/V^2.8+ redox couple through the intercalation mechanism. Furthermore, when coupled with the LiFePO₄ cathode, the strong V O bonds of the amorphous anode provide excellent structural stability, with the full-cell capable of performing >12 000 cycles with a capacity retention of 72%. Another advantage of Sr_2xV₂O_7-δ·yH₂O (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) is its composition adjustability, which enables delicately regulating the Sr vacancy content without destroying the structure. The defect Sr_2xV₂O_7-δ·yH₂O (x = 0.5) electrodes show significantly improved specific capacity and rate capability without sacrificing other key properties, delivering a high specific capacity of 479 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 mA cm^-2 and 41.9% of its capacity in 2 min. Overall, the preliminary study points the way forward for the facile preparation of high-quality polyoxometalates for advanced energy storage applications and beyond.     

铝基合金水解制氢的研究进展

铝是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素,也是一种重要的轻金属。由于其活泼的化学性质和较高的能量密度,铝作为一种新型能源材料正日益受到人们的关注。综述了国内外铝基合金水解制氢的研究进展,在对比分析各种铝基合金水解制氢性能以及成本等基础上,提出了铝基合金水解制氢的发展方向。     

高锗锌原料湿法冶炼的实践

分析了锗在湿法炼锌浸出—净化过程中的行为,并通过实践确定了高锗锌原料湿法处理的工艺条件,介绍了存在的问题和解决措施。     

单质铝水解机理研究(Ⅲ)——单质铝水解结晶过程研究

为了了解单质铝在水解过程中产物物相的变化规律,对单质铝水解过程进行了全过程监测,在反应的不同时段取样并对其进行XRD、SEM分析。以XRD分析结果为依据,对单质铝水解结晶过程中产物物相的变化进行了深入研究,彻底弄清了水解产物的生成顺序。以SEM分析为依据,对影响水解产物形貌、粒度及粒度分布的因素进行了研究。分析认为,团聚、二次成核、搅拌等因素对结晶过程中水解产物的形貌、粒度有显著影响。     

氯化锰浸出液的净化除杂研究

以低品位菱锰矿和工业级氯化铵为原料,焙烧一水浸取得到氯化锰浸出液,浸出液经过中和水解除Fe,氟化铵沉淀Ca、Mg,锰粉置换除Pb、Zn后,碳化结晶制备出符合化工行业标准（HG／T2836—1997）的碳酸锰产品。重点讨论了浸出液中杂质钙、镁的去除条件。先采用硫酸锰初步除钙;再以氟化铵做化学沉淀剂,深度除钙、镁。通过正交实验,确定了氟化铵除钙、镁的最佳条件为：氟化铵用量系数为1．7,温度为30℃,pH为5．7。     

由废镍催化剂制备氯化镍的研究

本文采用湿法工艺以氯化镍形式回收废镍催化剂中的镍。重点考察了硫酸浸镍过程的影响因素和水解除杂效果。在硫酸浓度40％、液固比3、温度75℃条件下,120min时镍浸出率可达98．50％;用NaOH中和浸出液pH为6时,Fe、Al、Ti等杂质均以氢氧化物沉淀形式被过滤除去,除杂后上述杂质含量均降至0．3mg／L以下。制得产品NiCl2·2H2O主体含量为99．80％,镍的总回收率为96．50％。