阿布扎比NEB油田超长水平井限流筛管完井与酸化优化设计

阿布扎比NEB油田低渗油藏普遍应用超长水平井开发生产,水平段布酸效果是制约超长水平井酸化后产能的关键因素。LEL限流筛管完井和酸化是实现超长水平井均匀酸化的有效手段,但目前常用的LEL限流筛管设计方法多与专业软件相结合,不利于参数敏感性分析和快速优化设计。通过优选管流摩阻计算模型和孔眼流动摩阻计算模型,建立了LEL限流筛管孔眼分布的解析设计方法,可以对超长水平井LEL完井实施快速的孔眼数分布设计;同时结合酸蚀蚓孔长度计算模型和当量表皮系数计算模型进行了酸化效果的快速预测评价。以阿布扎比NEB油田某井实钻井眼情况为例,开展了LEL限流筛管孔眼分布设计和酸化效果预测,得出结论：LEL酸化井酸蚀蚓孔长度可达到1.32～1.63 m,酸化后当量表皮系数可达到-2.85～-3.06;酸液穿透岩心的PV数是LEL设计的一个关键参数,应当通过实验测取。同时认识到,均匀布酸并不能作为LEL酸化设计的唯一目标,应当综合考虑储层非均质性条件,以均衡蚓孔长度、均衡酸化后表皮系数、均衡酸化后产量剖面等为目标开展更加优化的孔眼分布设计。     

The Endolysosomal System: The Acid Test for SARS-CoV-2

This review aims to describe and discuss the different functions of the endolysosomal system, from homeostasis to its vital role during viral infections. We will initially describe endolysosomal system’s main functions, presenting recent data on how its compartments are essential for host defense to explore later how SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) and other coronaviruses subvert these organelles for their benefit. It is clear that to succeed, pathogens’ evolution favored the establishment of ways to avoid, escape, or manipulate lysosomal function. The unavoidable coexistence with such an unfriendly milieu imposed on viruses the establishment of a vast array of strategies to make the most out of the invaded cell’s machinery to produce new viruses and maneuvers to escape the host’s defense system.     

MgCl_2·6H_2O热分解机理的研究

利用综合热分析仪、电阻炉煅烧、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析和化学分析,研究了MgCl2.6H2O的热分解机理及中间产物形貌.研究发现:MgCl2.6H2O热分解过程分为六步,在69℃时生成MgCl2.4H2O,129℃时生成MgCl2.2H2O,167℃时生成MgCl2.nH2O(1≤n≤2)和MgOHCl,203℃时MgCl2.nH2O(1≤n≤2)水解与脱水同时进行生成Mg(OH)Cl.0.3H2O,235℃时Mg(OH)Cl.0.3H2O脱水转变为MgOHCl,415℃时MgOHCl直接分解生成MgO.MgOHCl颗粒形状不规则,为多孔结构,Mg(OH)Cl.0.3HO颗粒表面平整.     

Synthesis and characterization of La（OH）_3 nanopowders from hydrolysis of lanthanum carbide

The lanthanum carbide alloy was induction melted in vacuum induction melting furnace from lanthanum and graphite with the mass ratio of 89:11. Lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH)3) nanopowders were prepared by a simple hydrolysis of lanthanum carbide at room temperature under normal atmospheric pressure without any surfactant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the nanoparticles were with a hex-agonal structure. The effect factors such as reaction time,reaction temperature and the mass ratio of lanthanum carbide p...     

八氯甲基笼型倍半硅氧烷的合成及表征

以氯甲基三氯硅烷为原料,甲醇、氯仿和石油醚为混合溶剂,在浓盐酸和无水三氯化铁为催化剂的条件下水解缩合制备了八氯甲基笼型倍半硅氧烷(CM-POSS)。利用FT-IR、GPC、1 H-NMR、29Si-NMR和XRD等技术对产物的结构进行了表征,并通过TGA研究了其热稳定性。结果表明产物为八氯甲基笼型倍半硅氧烷,且热稳定性良好。     

Comparing alternative cellulosic biomass biorefining systems: Centralized versus distributed processing systems

This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations.     

2-furyloxirane: II. Reduction,hydrolysis, alcoholsis and the uncatalysed polymerization induced by OH groups

The reduction of furyloxirane (FO) with different reducing agents was conducted under various experimental conditions and occurred essentially by the α-opening of the oxirane ring. It was also shown that the presence of Lewis acids favoured this mode of ring opening. The hydrolysis of furanic oxiranes was accompanied by oligomerization even in the absence of a catalyst. Moreover, very small quantities of water induced the oligomerization of FO giving degrees of polymerization of 40–50. This behaviour is unique since aliphatic and aromatic oxiranes are not activated by water alone. The alcoholysis of FO catalysed by metal alkoxides showed variable extents of α- and β-opening of the oxirane ring, depending on the steric hindrance of the alkoxide used.     

Kinetic study of the hydrolysis of two formate esters held in a single organic drop

The rising drop technique was used to study the kinetics of the alkaline hydrolysis of two formate esters; n-butylformate and iso-amylformate in toluene formed the organic phase, whilst aqueous sodium hydroxide was used as the continuous phase. The effects of ester and alkali concentrations on the rate of the hydrolysis were studied. The order of the reaction was found to change with respect to the concentration of both reactants. Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) was used as a possible catalyst for this liquid–liquid hydrolysis. When CTAB was added to the aqueous phase, enhancement of reaction was observed, whilst its addition to the organic phase caused inhibition of the hydrolysis. It is suggested that the enhancement of the reaction is due to the interaction of micelles in proximity to the interface while the inhibition is probably due to chemical blocking of the interface by adsorbed molecules of ionized CTAB.     

Demystifying DPP III Catalyzed Peptide Hydrolysis—Computational Study of the Complete Catalytic Cycle of Human DPP III Catalyzed Tynorphin Hydrolysis

Dipeptidyl peptides III (DPP III) is a dual-domain zinc exopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptides of varying sequence and size. Despite attempts to elucidate and narrow down the broad substrate-specificity of DPP III, there is no explanation as to why some of them, such as tynorphin (VVYPW), the truncated form of the endogenous heptapeptide spinorphin, are the slow-reacting substrates of DPP III compared to others, such as Leu-enkephalin. Using quantum molecular mechanics calculations followed by various molecular dynamics techniques, we describe for the first time the entire catalytic cycle of human DPP III, providing theoretical insight into the inhibitory mechanism of tynorphin. The chemical step of peptide bond hydrolysis and the substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme and release of the product were described for DPP III in complex with tynorphin and Leu-enkephalin and their products. We found that tynorphin is cleaved by the same reaction mechanism determined for Leu-enkephalin. More importantly, we showed that the product stabilization and regeneration of the enzyme, but not the nucleophilic attack of the catalytic water molecule and inversion at the nitrogen atom of the cleavable peptide bond, correspond to the rate-determining steps of the overall catalytic cycle of the enzyme.