Frequency-Dependent Properties of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Current,If, in Adult Mouse Heart Primary Pacemaker Myocytes

A number of distinct electrophysiological mechanisms that modulate the myogenic spontaneous pacemaker activity in the sinoatrial node (SAN) of the mammalian heart have been investigated extensively. There is agreement that several (3 or 4) different transmembrane ionic current changes (referred to as the voltage clock) are involved; and that the resulting net current interacts with direct and indirect effects of changes in intracellular Ca²⁺ (the calcium clock). However, significant uncertainties, and important knowledge gaps, remain concerning the functional roles in SAN spontaneous pacing of many of the individual ion channel- or exchanger-mediated transmembrane current changes. We report results from patch clamp studies and mathematical modeling of the hyperpolarization-activated current, I_f, in the generation/modulation of the diastolic depolarization, or pacemaker potential, produced by individual myocytes that were enzymatically isolated from the adult mouse sinoatrial node (SAN). Amphotericin-mediated patch microelectrode recordings at 35 °C were made under control conditions and in the presence of 5 or 10 nM isoproterenol (ISO). These sets of results were complemented and integrated with mathematical modeling of the current changes that take place in the range of membrane potentials (−70 to −50 mV), which corresponds to the ‘pacemaker depolarization’ in the adult mouse SAN. Our results reveal a very small, but functionally important, approximately steady-state or time-independent current generated by residual activation of I_f channels that are expressed in these pacemaker myocytes. Recordings of the pacemaker depolarization and action potential, combined with measurements of changes in I_f, and the well-known increases in the L-type Ca²⁺ current, I_CaL, demonstrated that I_CaL activation, is essential for myogenic pacing. Moreover, after being enhanced (approximately 3-fold) by 5 or 10 nM ISO, I_CaL contributes significantly to the positive chronotropic effect. Our mathematical model has been developed in an attempt to better understand the underlying mechanisms for the pacemaker depolarization and action potential in adult mouse SAN myocytes. After being updated with our new experimental data describing I_f, our simulations reveal a novel functional component of I_f in adult mouse SAN. Computational work carried out with this model also confirms that in the presence of ISO the residual activation of I_f and opening of I_CaL channels combine to generate a net current change during the slow diastolic depolarization phase that is essential for the observed accelerated pacemaking rate of these SAN myocytes.     

动态超高压微射流辅助提取对滇黄精多糖结构和活性的影响

为评价动态超高压微射流技术对滇黄精多糖提取的适用性,通过比较动态超高压微射流辅助提取与常规热水浸提所得滇黄精多糖的得率、结构特征（分子质量、黏度、单糖组成、红外光谱）、功能活性（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、α-糖苷酶抑制活性和酪氨酸酶抑制活性）,明确动态超高压微射流提取对滇黄精多糖结构和活性的影响。结果表明,动态超高压微射流辅助提取滇黄精多糖得率为热水浸提得率的1.63 倍;与热水浸提相比,动态超高压微射流提取技术降低了滇黄精多糖的分子质量（27.90%）和黏度（29.04%）,改变了滇黄精多糖的单糖组成,提高了滇黄精多糖的DPPH自由基清除能力和α-糖苷酶抑制活性,但对滇黄精多糖主要结构和酪氨酸酶抑制活性无明显影响。综上,动态超高压微射流技术在提高滇黄精多糖得率、增强其抗氧化和降血糖活性方面均有明显优势,是一种具有前景的滇黄精多糖提取方法,本研究可为滇黄精多糖的高效提取提供一定的科学依据。     

野葛总黄酮的提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

通过单因素试验及正交试验确定野葛总黄酮的最佳提取工艺,并采用紫外分光光度法对野葛总黄酮的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力、总还原能力和羟基（OH）自由基清除能力进行测定。结果表明,野葛总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为：体积分数40%的乙醇、料液比1∶20（g∶mL）、80 ℃水浴提取2 h,提取2次。在此优化条件下,野葛总黄酮的提取率3.06%。抗氧化试验结果表明,野葛总黄酮质量浓度分别为0.8 mg/mL、0.4 mg/mL、0.8 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除能力、OH自由基清除能力、总还原能力（OD700 nm值）最大值分别为72.98%、65.38%、0.16,表明野葛中总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化能力,且在一定浓度范围内,浓度越高抗氧化能力越强。     

蛇菰提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

采用DPPH·法及Fe3+ 还原力法对蛇菰提取物的抗氧化活性进行研究,分别测定蛇菰乙醇提物、石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、水层部分、水提粗多糖及碱提粗多糖的抗氧化作用,同时以VC 作为阳性对照。结果表明：蛇菰提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性,尤其是乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、总醇提取物及水提粗多糖;它们对DPPH·的清除作用与VC 相当,其中乙酸乙酯提取物IC50 值为6.0μg/mL,活性略高于VC,同时以上提取物对Fe3+ 也具有很强的还原能力。     

Activity of Silver Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus spp.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a bacterium that is part of the human microbiota. It is most abundant on the skin, in the respiratory system and in the human digestive tract. Also, Staphylococcus aureus contributes to human infections and has a high mortality rate. Both of these bacterial species produce biofilm, a pathogenic factor increasing their resistance to antibiotics. For this reason, we are looking for new substances that can neutralize bacterial cells. One of the best-known substances with such effects are silver nanoparticles. They exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm formation activity that depended on their size, shape and the concentration used. In this review, we presented the data related to the use of silver nanoparticles in counteracting bacterial growth and biofilm formation published in scientific papers between 2017 and 2021. Based on the review of experimental results, the properties of nanoparticles prompt the expansion of research on their activity.     

厚朴抗氧化活性的研究

探讨了压力、温度和时间对厚朴超临界流体萃取工艺的影响,确定了最佳萃取工艺条件是:萃取压力25 MPa、萃取温度40℃、萃取时间3 h.在该工艺条件的基础上加入10%乙醇作夹带剂,不仅大大提高了萃取率,而且大大缩短了萃取时间.用不同极性溶剂索氏抽提与超临界流体萃取相比较,并用OSI法和DPPH自由基清除法对其提取物的抗氧化活性进行了测定.结果发现,OSI法和DPPH自由基清除法实验结果一致,其抗氧化活性的顺序是:BHT＞乙酸乙酯提取物＞氯仿提取物＞超临界CO2萃取物(加入10%乙醇)＞石油醚提取物＞超临界CO2萃取物(未加夹带剂)＞乙醇提取物.厚朴中的抗氧化成分主要是小极性物质,主要存在于石油醚、氯仿和超临界CO2的提取物中.     

The anticarcinogenic potential of essential oil and aqueous infusion from caper (Capparis spinosa L.)

The present study assessed the influence of essential oil and aqueous infusion from wild-grown caper (Capparis spinosa L.) on cell growth, NF-κB activation, apoptosis and cell cycle in the human colon carcinoma cell line, HT-29. Methyl isothiocyanate (92.06%), a degradation product of glucosinolate glucocapparin, was detected as major component of essential oil from caper leaves and flower buds. Aqueous infusion of caper showed an interesting and variegate compositional pattern containing several phenolic compounds, among which a flavonol glycoside, rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, 50.7%) and 5-caffeoyl-quinic acid (chlorogenic acid, 17.5%) were detected as dominant. Caper essential oil and aqueous infusion showed time- and dose-dependent high inhibitory effect on HT-29 cell proliferation. In addition, they induced the inhibition on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity in a dose-dependent manner, while they did not show any effect on apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that treatment with caper essential oil and aqueous infusion resulted in G₂/M cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Presented results suggest that caper contains volatile and non-volatile compounds which potentially can play an important role in colon cancer prevention.     

超声-微波协同提取柚子皮多糖工艺优化及单糖组成、结构和抗氧化活性分析

以柚子皮为原料,采用超声-微波协同提取技术提取柚子皮多糖,优化最佳提取工艺,对其进行脱色、脱蛋白处理,对其单糖组成、结构和抗氧化活性进行分析。结果表明,超声-微波协同提取柚子皮多糖最佳工艺为:微波功率400 W,提取时间34 min,液料比39∶1(mL∶g),提取液pH 9.0,多糖得率为10.41%。紫外光谱分析表明无蛋白质及核酸残留,凝胶渗透色谱法测定柚子皮多糖平均分子质量为2.4×10^4 Da。液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定结果表明,柚子皮多糖是一种酸性杂多糖,由甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖组成,摩尔比为0.502∶0.960∶0.295∶6.331∶40.673∶10.732∶7.923。扫描电镜和红外光谱分析表明,柚子皮多糖主要为不规则碎片结构,伴有小的不规则颗粒,碎片表面粗糙,所得多糖呈不规则形状,表明柚子皮多糖具有非晶态结构,为吡喃型糖苷环骨架。抗氧化活性结果表明,柚子皮多糖具有较好的自由基清除效果,在质量浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟自由基和2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸[2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS]自由基清除率分别为55.58%、46.32%、40.25%。该实验结果为柚子皮多糖的进一步分离纯化、结构解析、生物活性研究及开发具有潜力的功能性食品提供依据。     

油茶蒲不同溶剂粗提液的总黄酮提取率与抗氧化活性比较

为探索油茶蒲的有效利用途径,采用各具5个体积分数梯度的5种有机溶剂对油茶蒲进行超声辅助浸提而得到25种粗提液,研究比较了各粗提液的总黄酮提取率和清除DPPH·的能力。结果表明:总黄酮提取率最高的5种溶剂及其对应的总黄酮提取率依次是60%丙酮溶液(6. 28%)、60%乙醇溶液(5. 24%)、80%甲醇溶液(4. 82%)、60%1,3-丁二醇溶液(4. 40%)、60%乙酸乙酯-乙醇溶液(4. 13%);清除DPPH·能力最强的5种粗提液及其对应的清除率依次是100%乙醇溶液提取物(92. 78%)、60%乙酸乙酯-乙醇溶液提取物(92. 69%)、100%1,3-丁二醇溶液提取物(89. 68%)、100%甲醇溶液提取物(86. 54%)、100%丙酮溶液提取物(81. 99%)。黄酮提取率最高的油茶蒲提取物所对应的DPPH·清除能力并不是最强的,说明油茶蒲提取物中除了黄酮以外,可能还有多酚、皂素、多糖等其他抗氧化活性成分。适合油茶蒲黄酮利用的最佳提取剂是60%乙酸乙酯-乙醇溶液,总黄酮提取率达4. 13%,所对应提取物对DPPH·清除率达92. 69%,是一种适应工业化开发利用油茶蒲黄酮的理想溶剂。     

大豆粕结团的原因及对策

对大豆直接浸出生产中豆粕结团的原因进行分析,解析豆粕结团带来豆粕残油高、残溶高、脲素酶活性高、水分超高,造成豆粕营养下降和易变质,在生产过程中如何调整工艺参数来控制结团现象。