Roles of cell adhesion molecules nectin and nectin-like molecule-5 in the regulation of cell movement and proliferation

In response to chemoattractants, migrating cells form protrusions, such as lamellipodia and filopodia, and structures, such as ruffles over lamellipodia, focal complexes and focal adhesions at leading edges. The formation of these leading edge structures is essential for directional cell movement. Nectin-like molecule-5 (Necl-5) interacts in cis with PDGF receptor and integrin alpha(v)beta(3), and enhances the activation of signalling molecules associated with these transmembrane proteins, which results in the formation of leading edge structures and enhancement of directional cell movement. When migrating cells come into contact with each other, cell-cell adhesion is initiated, resulting in reduced cell velocity. Necl-5 first interacts in trans with nectin-3. This interaction is transient and induces down-regulation of Necl-5 expression at the cell surface, resulting in reduced cell movement. Cell proliferation is also suppressed by the down-regulation of Necl-5, because the inhibitory effect of Necl-5 on Sprouty2, a negative regulator of the Ras signalling, is diminished. PDGF receptor and integrin alpha(v)beta(3), which have interacted with Necl-5, then form a complex with nectin, which initiates cell-cell adhesion and recruits cadherin to the nectin-based cell-cell adhesion sites to form stable adherens junctions. The formation of adherens junctions stops cell movement, in part through inactivation of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) caused by the trans-interaction of nectin. Thus, nectin and Necl-5 play key roles in the regulation of cell movement and proliferation.     

Backscattered electron imaging of the undersurface of resin-embedded cells by field-emission scanning electron microscopy

In this study backscattered electron (BSE) imaging was used to display cellular structures stained with heavy metals within an unstained resin by atomic number contrast in successively deeper layers. Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were cultured on either 13-mm discs of plastic Thermanox, commercially pure titanium or steel. The cells were fixed, stained and embedded in resin and the disc removed. The resin block containing the cells was sputter coated and examined in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The technique allowed for the direct visualization of the cell undersurface and immediately overlying areas of cytoplasm through the surrounding embedding resin, with good resolution and contrast to a significant depth of about 2 μm, without the requirement for cutting sections. The fixation protocol was optimized in order to increase heavy metal staining for maximal backscattered electron production. The operation of the microscope was optimized to maximize the number of backscattered electrons produced and to minimize the spot size. BSE images were collected over a wide range of accelerating voltages (keV), from low values to high values to give ‘sections' of information from increasing depths within the sample. At 3–4 keV only structures a very short distance into the material were observed, essentially the areas of cell attachment to the removed substrate. At higher accelerating voltages information on cell morphology, including in particular stress fibres and cell nuclei, where heavy metals were intensely bound became more evident. The technique allowed stepwise ‘sectional’ information to be acquired. The technique should be useful for studies on cell morphology, cycle and adhesion with greater resolution than can be obtained with any light-microscope-based system.     

Comments on the sliding wear of metals

The author reviews selected experimental results which have contributed to improved understanding of sliding wear processes. The emphasis is on the chemical and structural changes which occur at and near the surface of metallic materials during sliding in different environments. The importance of plastic deformation, fracture, transfer, mechanical mixing, phase transformations and oxidation is discussed. Examples of transitions are described, and interesting correlations noted. In selecting the content of this paper, the author includes controversial results and conclusions and raises questions about the development of wear equations, interpretations of the wear coefficient, the importance of adhesion, the roles of hardness, the causes of transitions and the location of debris-producing cracks.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF NEW TECHNOLOGY ON HIGH GLOSSINESS GRANITE SURFACE

On the basis of analysing thecharacter of granite and its polishingtechnology,the authors have manufactureda kind of polishing disk to polish graniteand good results have been obtained.Through studying the polishing process ofgranite in theory and experiment,theauthors think that the high glossinesssurface is the result of grinding ofabrasives and adhering of soft metal.Moreover,orthogonal test is carried outabout the technical parameters for threeetypical kinds of granites and some usefulresults for production are obtained.     

基于准粘聚力理论的加筋土挡墙土压力分析

考虑拉筋存在的影响,对不同破坏形式下的加筋土强度理论进行探讨,应用准粘聚力理论,提出两种不同破坏形式的加筋土挡墙墙背土压力计算公式。研究结果表明：拉断破坏下的加筋土粘聚力具有增量;粘着破坏下的加筋土内摩擦角具有增量;所提出的加筋土挡墙墙背侧向土压力比经典土压力和变系数法都小;不管是拉断破坏,还是粘着破坏,加筋土挡墙侧向土压力都随拉筋垂直间距增加而增加;拉断破坏下,加筋土挡墙侧向土压力随拉筋抗拉强度增加而减小;与土工格栅加筋土挡墙试验数据基本一致,粘着破坏法比实测值大。     

Comparative Study between Aerosol Resuspension Model in GASFLOW and RnR Model

Based on the design parameters and conditions of the aerosol resuspension test for the validation of the RnR model, an analysis model was built by using GASFLOW code for calculation and simulation, and the results were compared with the calculation results of RnR model and the test data. The study results show that GASFLOW can simulate aerosol resuspension well in the main stage of resuspension. Under the condition of lower air velocity, the analysis results of RnR model are closer to the test data. Under the condition of higher air velocity, the results of GASFLOW model are more conservative. In order to improve the accuracy of the calculation results, it is suggested to consider the probability distribution characteristics of adhesion, and carry out further study on the feasibility of developing RnR model in GASFLOW.     

生物材料表面改性抗细菌粘附的方法研究

为了减少生物材料中心的感染（BCI）,采用N2低温等离子体沉积（LTP）、二次等离子体、紫外（UV）辐照与化学方法相结合的实验技术,对人工心瓣用Dacron材料进行了改性。在其材料表面引入聚乙二醇（PEG）,利用PEG的“化学放大”作用再引入肝素(Hep),经表皮葡萄球菌（SE）体外动态粘附实验比较,紫外辐照与化学方法相结合的8改性抗细菌粘附效果最好,细菌粘附减少90％,二次等离子体改性次之,细菌粘附减少80％,N2低温等离子体沉积后抗细菌粘附效果有一定的提高。     

凸包型推土板减粘降阻的有限元分析

仿生几何非光滑表面的减粘降阻功效已被大量的试验研究所证实。由于几何非光滑结构单元的大小和分布对减粘降阻效果具有显著的影响，故对其与土壤相互作用的定量分析是必要的。本文对凸包型几何非光滑表面与土壤相互作用进行了三维有限元分析，并将其同光滑表面与土壤相互作用的有限元分析结果进行了比较，分析了减粘降阻的原因。     

Si基Cu/NiFe薄膜的生长及其粘附特性研究

微机械(MEMS)工艺和集成电路(IC)工艺中,在硅(Si)片上电铸高深宽比坡莫(NiFe)合金材料常出现脱落现象.提出了一种电铸NiFe合金材料的新方法,这种方法制作的合金薄膜厚度达200 μm时不脱落.此方法即对等离子刻蚀后的硅片溅射种子层铜(Cu),然后对种子层进行电镀,当其厚度达到约15 μm时,再进行NiFe合金的电铸.本文用扫描电镜、x射线衍射仪和剥离实验研究了薄膜粘附特性.研究结果表明当对种子层电镀后,随着Cu种子层厚度的增加,Cu/NiFe薄膜与基体的粘附强度增加,而薄膜的残余应力降低;同时Cu膜表面粗糙度增加,也增加了NiFe膜与Cu膜的粘附强度.     

掺氮TiO_(2-x)N_x薄膜托槽的制备及其性能研究

利用射频磁控溅射制备了氮掺杂TiO2-xNx薄膜托槽,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段表征了托槽表面薄膜的结构、形貌,并通过原子力显微镜(AFM)、多功能材料表面试验仪等研究了TiO2-xNx薄膜与基底托槽的附着力、TiO2-xNx薄膜托槽的表面粗糙度以及表面摩擦系数。结果表明制备的托槽表面为均一的锐钛矿相结构TiO2-xNx薄膜,晶粒粒径为30nm,纳米TiO2-xNx薄膜托槽表面致密、平整,薄膜与托槽衬底结合紧密、附着性好,托槽表面粗糙度降低,摩擦系数变小,改善了托槽表面性能,为抗菌性研究奠定了基础。