纤维掺杂疏水SiO2气凝胶的制备与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶方法成功制备了陶瓷纤维掺杂的疏水SiO2气凝胶.陶瓷纤维在SiO2气凝胶中起骨架支撑的作用来提高气凝胶的机械性能.SiO2气凝胶的机械强度从没有掺杂纤维的1.6×104Pa提高到掺杂10%纤维的9.6X 104Pa,且掺杂10%纤维的SiO2气凝胶常温常压的热导率仅为0.029 W/(m·K).掺杂SiO2气凝胶的疏水性通过表面修饰也得到了极大的提高.     

The influence of preparation method on the physicochemical properties of titania–silica aerogels

A series of titania–silica aerogels with different compositions were prepared using four different preparation methods. The preparation steps were followed by a high temperature supercritical drying (HTSCD). It was found that application of ethanol and 2-propanol as the solvents for the titania precursor (with or without modification with acetyloacetone) resulted in materials with BET surface area up to 990 m²/g, total pore volume up to 5.6 cm³/g and density as low as 0.041 g cm⁻³. Obtained aerogels were mesoporous materials with the average pore diameter in the range 11–27 nm. It was stated that application of the I method (prehydrolysis) resulted in aerogels with higher average pore diameter than other preparation methods while aerogels with the lowest average pore diameter were obtained using the so-called IV, impregnation method. Anatase form of titania was found in all prepared samples. The prepared aerogels were being applied as catalysts in photodegradation of salicylic acid solution in water. The obtained results suggest a much higher catalytic efficiency of titania, which is present in aerogel than it is in the case of commercial P25 Degussa titanium dioxide.     

对苯二酚-甲醛有机气凝胶的结构测试及性能研究

首次用溶胶-凝胶法和CO2超临界干燥技术制备了对苯二酚-甲醛有机气凝胶,并经高温碳化处理得到其碳气凝胶,测得气凝胶的比表面积由碳化前的375.28 M2/G增大到碳化后的468.66 M2/G,碳气凝胶的孔径集中分布在15NM以内。观察到其表观形貌,以及碳气凝胶中存在微晶结构。研究了不同反应物配比对凝胶性能的影响,并发现碳气凝胶具有良好导电性。     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by propane over vanadia-titania aerogels

An investigation has been carried out of the effect of vanadia loading on the activity and selectivity ofV₂O₅TiO₂ aerogel catalysts, prepared by a two-step procedure, for the reduction of NO by propane. The structure of catalysts have been characterized by laser Raman spectroscopy and XRD measurements. At vanadia loading levels below ca. 4.4 wt%, the vanadia is present in the form of coordinated polymeric species, whereas crystallites of V₂O₅ are formed at higher vanadia contents. At this critical level of 4.4 wt% V₂O₅, the kinetic measurements showed also a maximum in the activity per mass of catalyst which very likely indicated that the coordinated polymeric surface species are more active than crystalline V₂O₅. The selectivity towards the formation of dinitrogen decreased as the loading increased, presumably because of the formation of larger polymeric species and V₂O₅ crystallites, below and above the critical loading level, respectively. For the reduction of NO by propane, titania supported vanadia aerogel catalysts are significantly more active, per mass of catalyst, and more selective towards N₂ formation than conventionalV₂O₅TiO₂ and V₂O₅Al₂O₃ aerogel catalysts, at vanadia loading levels below ca. 11 wt%.     

金属氧化物气凝胶的能带结构及光催化特性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了金属氧化物复合气凝胶,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及光纤光谱仪频谱扫描表征分析了复合气凝胶的微观形貌和能带结构特性,并对气凝胶材料的产氢效率进行了研究。结果表明,TiO_2复合气凝胶能隙高于SnO_2和Al_2O_3气凝胶,TiO_2气凝胶的产氢效率为99. 73μmol/h,高于其他两种金属氧化物气凝胶(Al_2O_3产氢效率为58. 91μmol/h、SnO_2产氢效率为60. 36μmol/h),且其产氢稳定性也较其他两种金属氧化物高。     

Metal-doped carbon aerogels as catalysts during ozonation processes in aqueous solutions

The efficiency of Co(II)-, Mn(II)-, and Ti(IV)-doped carbon aerogels for the transformation of ozone into (*)OH radicals was investigated. The carbon aerogels had a markedly acid surface character (pH(PZC approximately equal) congruent with 3-4) with very high surface oxygen concentrations (O approximately equal with 20%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the samples showed the oxidation state of the metals was +2 for Co and Mn and +4 for Ti. The presence of Mn(II)-doped carbon aerogel enhanced ozone transformation into (*)OH radicals, whereas the presence of Co(II) and Ti(IV) carbon aerogels presented no activity in this process. Moreover, it was observed that an increase in the concentration of Mn in the surface of the aerogel increases its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals, with an Rct value ([OH]/[O(3)]) of 5.36 x 10(-8) for the aerogel doped with 16% of surface Mn(II) compared to an R(ct) of 2.68 x 10(-9) for conventional ozonation. Regardless of the aerogel used, XPS analysis of the ozonated aerogel samples showed an increase in the concentration of surface oxygen when the exposure to ozone was longer. However, presence of oxidized metal species after ozone treatment was only detected in the case of the Mn-doped aerogel, (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)). CO(2) activation of carbon aerogel produced a marked increase in its efficiency to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals compared with non-activated sample. The efficiency of Mn activated carbon aerogel to transform ozone into (*)OH radicals was greater than that of Witco commercial activated carbon or H(2)O(2) in the ozonation of water from Lake Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland).     

Study of transport properties and conduction mechanism of pure and composite resorcinol formaldehyde aerogel doped with Co-ferrite

A series of resorcinol formaldehyde aerogels (RF aerogels) composite with nanoparticles of CoFe₂O₄ have been prepared by sol–gel method. Four samples of pure RF aerogels were prepared at different concentrations of Na₂CO₃ as catalyst (0.02, 0.025, 0.03, and 0.04 wt.%) and four samples of composite RF aerogels were prepared at different concentration of doped CoFe₂O₄ (0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15 wt.%; Na₂CO₃ concentration = 0.03 wt.%). DC electrical conductivity as a function of temperature was studied in the temperature range 25 °C–200 °C for all samples. AC electrical conductivity and dielectric properties were determined using RLC Bridge in the frequency range 100 Hz–1 MHz at different temperature (25–200 °C). The pore size of the samples was determined using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). RF aerogels are found to exhibit a semiconducting behavior and characterized by two transition temperatures T₁ and T₂. Also σ_DC increases with increase of Co-ferrite contents. Pure RF aerogels posses a very low dielectric constant, where the lowest value of ?′ is ∼4 times as that of air. ?′ decreases with increase of frequency, and increases with increase of temperature. Large overlapping polaron (OLP) is found to be the preferred conduction mechanism in these materials. The results of PALS show that there are two types of pore size in these samples; the first ranges from 1.9 to 2.5 nm, while the second ranges from 3.2 to 5.3 nm.     

常压干燥法制备炭气凝胶

炭气凝胶是一种具有交联状结构的新型纳米多孔材料,它是用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥工艺制成的有机气凝胶（RF）经炭化得到的。它具有比表面积大和电导率高等特性,可用作超级电容器和可充电电池理想的电极材料。通过优化传统制备炭气凝胶的工艺,成功地在常压条件下制备出了高RC比（间苯二酚为催化剂的摩尔比）的RF气凝胶和炭气凝胶。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积测试与孔径分布（BET）等方面对其微结构进行了研究。结果表明,常压干燥法制备的炭气凝胶具有纳米网络结构和大比表面积。用常压干燥代替了超临界干燥,大大降低了制备成本,扩展了其应用前景。