烷基链长对四苯基乙烯衍生物聚集行为和光学性质的影响

制备了带有不同烷基链长的四苯基乙烯衍生物1,1,2,2-四(4-正己氧基苯基)乙烯(THPE)和1,1,2,2-四(4-正癸氧基苯基)乙烯(TDPE),并采用紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱研究THPE和TDPE在四氢呋喃(THF)/H_2O混合溶剂中的光物理性质,通过扫描电镜观察THPE和TDPE在THF/H_2O中形成的聚集体的形态结构。结果表明,THPE和TDPE在THF/H_2O中的紫外吸收光谱都出现拖尾现象,然而开始出现拖尾时溶剂中的水含量不同,THPE和TDPE分别在水含量为50%和40%的THF/H_2O中开始出现拖尾现象;THPE和TDPE都具有聚集诱导发光(AIE)性能,它们的荧光量子产率随着水含量的增加而增大,但是荧光量子产率快速增长的起始点不同,THPE和TDPE的荧光量子产率分别在水含量达到40%和30%后开始快速增长;THPE和TDPE在THF/H_2O中都能形成形状规则的聚集体,不同的是THPE在水含量为70%时才形成有序的纳米棒,而TDPE则在水含量为50%时即能形成纳米棒和微米片。这表明,带有长烷基链的TDPE更容易聚集,通过调节烷基链长度,有望制备出发光效率高、聚集体结构可控的AIE材料。     

硼酸双甘油葡萄糖苷月桂酸酯的合成及性能研究

以甘油葡萄糖苷、硼酸为原料,以对甲苯磺酸做催化剂,与月桂酸经酯化反应合成硼酸双甘油葡萄糖苷月桂酸酯表面活性剂,并采用红外光谱仪、核磁共振谱仪表征产物结构.实验结果表明:硼酸双甘油葡萄糖苷酯作为中间体与月桂酸进行反应,以用量为反应物总质量0.5%的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,用30 mL的乙腈作为溶剂,在80℃下反应150 min,得到目标产物;其表面活性剂的表面张力为36.0 mN/m(20℃),临界胶束浓度为1.16×10-2 mol/L,并显示出良好的乳化性能.     

烷基糖苷—新型世界级表面活性剂

本文综述了烷基糖苷的合成方法、物化性能及应用性能。     

用于聚丙烯插层的蒙脱土化学修饰与表征

采用长链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对钠基蒙脱土进行化学修饰，制得有机蒙脱土，采用红外（FT-IR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和热重分析（TGA）等手段，对有机化蒙脱土的结构进行表征．实验结果表明，长链季铵盐通过离子交换反应可有效修饰蒙脱土，有机阳离子置换掉蒙脱土层间的金属阳离子．蒙脱土经插层处理后，其晶层间距都比原始蒙脱土的层间距有所增加．由于有机阳离子体积较大，从而将蒙脱土片层撑开，层间距增大，减弱了蒙脱土片层间的静电吸引力和化学键合力，改善层间微环境，使粘土内外表面由亲水性转变为疏水性，降低硅酸盐表面能，有利于聚合物插入层间．     

烃基结构对黄药捕收剂浮选性能的影响

采用密度泛函理论计算了一系列黄药捕收剂的几何构型和电子结构,利用最高占据分子轨道能量、自然布局分析电荷、电负性和绝对硬度等参数判断黄药捕收剂的浮选性能.研究结果表明：黄药阴离子是浮选溶液中的活性成分,键合原子为C—S单键中的S原子.最高占据分子轨道能量可较好地解释直链黄药（C₁-C₆）的浮选性能随碳链增长而增强的现象.在黄药同分异构体中,与极性基相连的碳原子上支链越多,烷基给电子诱导效应越强,该异构体的捕收活性越强.黄药同分异构体（C₃-C₅）的捕收活性顺序为：叔烃基黄药〉仲烃基黄药〉异烃基黄药.     

烷基磷酸酯的合成及动力学研究

采用五氧化二磷法直接酯化制备烷基磷酸酯。研究了反应机理,建立了反应动力学方程。在本实验条件下,测出反应的表观活化能为42.8 kJ.mol-1,指前因子为864 L.mol-1.min-1。同时,得到了反应的表观动力学方程。     

Lactobionic acid as antioxidant and moisturizing active in alkyl polyglucoside-based topical emulsions: the colloidal structure, stability and efficacy evaluation

Cosmeceutical antioxidants may protect the skin against oxidative injury, involved in the pathogenesis of many skin disorders. However, an unsuitable topical delivery system with compromising safety profile can affect the efficacy of an antioxidant active. This study investigated the antioxidant potential of lactobionic acid (LA), a newer cosmeceutical active, per se (in solution) and incorporated into natural alkyl polyglucoside (APG) emulsifier-based system using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. The α-tocopherol was used as a reference compound. The physical stability (using rheology, polarization microscopy, pH and conductivity measurements) of an Alkyl glucoside-based emulsion was evaluated with and without the active (LA); colloidal structure was assessed using polarization and transmission electron microscopy, rheology, thermal and texture analysis. Additionally, the safety profile and moisturizing potential were investigated using the methods of skin bioengineering. Good physical stability and applicative characteristics were obtained although LA strongly influenced the colloidal structure of the vehicle. LA per se and in APG-based emulsion showed satisfying antioxidant activity that promotes it as mild multifunctional cosmeceutical efficient in the treatment and prevention of the photoaged skin. Employed assays were shown as suitable for the antioxidant activity evaluation of LA in APG-based emulsions, but not for α-tocopherol in the same vehicle.     

Sterol glycosides and cerebrosides accumulate in Pichia pastoris, Rhynchosporium secalis and other fungi under normal conditions or under heat shock and ethanol stress

The occurrence of glycolipids such as sterol glycosides, acylated sterol glycosides, cerebrosides and glycosyldiacylglycerols was examined in the three yeast species Candida albicans, Pichia pastoris and Pichia anomala, as well as in the six fungal species Sordaria macrospora, Pyrenophora teres, Ustilago maydis, Acremonium chrysogenum, Penicillium olsonii and Rhynchosporium secalis. Cerebroside was found in all organisms tested, whereas acylated sterol glycosides and glycosyldiacylglycerols were not found in any organism. Sterol glycosides were detected in P. pastoris strain GS115, U. maydis, S. macrospora and R. secalis. This glycolipid occurred in both yeast and filamentous forms of U. maydis but in neither form of C. albicans. This suggests that sterol glycoside is not correlated with the separately grown dimorphic forms of these organisms. Cerebrosides and sterol glycosides from P. pastoris and R. secalis were purified and characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cerebrosides are beta-glucosyl ceramides consisting of a saturated alpha-hydroxy or non-hydroxy fatty acid and a Delta4,8-diunsaturated, C9-methyl-branched sphingobase. Sterol glycoside from P. pastoris was identified as ergosterol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, whereas the sterol glucosides from R. secalis contain two derivatives of ergosterol. The biosynthesis of sterol glucoside in P. pastoris CBS7435 and GS115 depended on the culture conditions. The amount of sterol glucoside in cells grown in complete medium was much lower than in cells from minimal medium and a strong increase in the content of sterol glucoside was observed when cells were subjected to stress conditions such as heat shock or increased ethanol concentrations. From these data we suggest that, in addition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, new yeast and fungal model organisms should be used to study the physiological functions of glycolipids in eukaryotic cells. This suggestion is based on the ubiquitous and frequent occurrence of cerebrosides and sterol glycosides, both of which are rarely detected in S. cerevisiae. We suggest P. pastoris and two plant pathogenic fungi to be selected for this approach.     

微波和脱皮处理菜籽对油中活性成分的影响

以高、中、低芥酸和硫甙含量菜籽为原料,微波和脱皮预处理后分别冷榨制油。结果表明,不同处理方式对同一品种菜籽的基本品质并无影响,但油中植物甾醇和维生素E含量均存在明显差异,且含量大小依次为低芥酸低硫甙菜籽〉中芥酸中硫甙菜籽〉高芥酸高硫甙菜籽。利用SPSS（统计产品与服务解决方案,Statistical Productand Service Solutions）方差分析,探讨4种不同处理方式与3种不同原料对菜籽油中维生素E和植物甾醇的影响。结果表明,不同处理方式对双低菜籽油中α、γ维生素E和△5-燕麦甾醇影响差异显著,对菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇影响不显著;同一种处理方式下,不同原料对维生素E和植物甾醇都存在显著差异。微波处理后油中维生素E和植物甾醇含量最高,且低芥酸低硫甙菜籽更适宜通过微波处理提高油的品质。     

淀粉疏水改性研究进展

传统变性淀粉只有单一的亲水性质,淀粉的疏水改性成为该领域的研究热点之一。介绍了国内外烷基脂肪酸淀粉酯和烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的研究现状及存在的问题,认为对烷基脂肪酸淀粉酯要重点研究低成本、环境友好制备高取代度的产物;而对烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯要重点研究低葡萄糖值的酶解产物。前者可以通过改变淀粉颗粒结构来改善,后者可以通过减少酶用量和作用时间并采用挤出技术或滚筒干燥等途径实现。