Evaluation of a system of wind tunnels for field studies of ammonia loss from grassland through volatilisation

Rates of ammonia (NH₃) loss from a ryegrass sward measured using a system of small wind tunnels were compared with concurrent measurements made using a micrometeorological mass balance method. Measurements were made during two experiments within a circular plot (radius 10m) treated with urea at a rate of 200kgNha^?1. In the first experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value of approximately 1ms^?1. This value differed on most occasions from the mean ambient wind speed which was measured at a height of 250mm and which ranged from 0.61 to 2.95ms^?1. Rates of loss measured using the wind tunnels differed by a factor of between two and five from those measured using the mass balance method; there was no consistent pattern in the differences between the rates of loss. The total losses of NH₃ measured during 15 days were equivalent to 49.1 and 30.2kg Nha^?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. In the second experiment, air speed through the tunnels was adjusted as necessary to maintain a value as close as possible to the mean ambient wind speed measured at a height of 250mm. Rates of NH₃ loss measured using the two methods did not differ significantly; total losses of NH₃ during 17 days were equivalent to 96.9 and 101kg Nha^?1 for the mass balance and wind tunnel methods, respectively. The difference between the findings of the two experiments could be attributed to the direct effect of air speed through the tunnels rather than to differences between ambient temperatures and those inside the tunnels. During and following periods of rain the rates of loss measured using the tunnels were up to six times greater than those observed with the mass balance method. Rates of loss measured by the two methods became similar again when the tunnels were moved following rain. The study demonstrates that enclosures can be designed and operated to provide reliable measurements of the rate of NH₃ loss from grassland. Potential applications of the two methods are discussed.     

氮肥工业与21世纪的生物能源

介绍近年来美国生物能源的开发进展情况及其先进的支撑系统，提出如何使我国氮肥工业在发展我国生物能源中起促进作用。     

稻草亚铵制浆废液氧化铵解改性产物的红外分析

利用红外光谱法定性分析了经过离子交换法萃取分离后的稻草亚铵制浆废液氧化铵解改性产物的有机组分和无机组分,同时将反应原液固形物和改性产物固形物的结构谱图进行了对比,从而推测出稻草亚铵制浆废液氧化铵解反应的历程.     

Φ1000mm卡萨利氨合成塔内件故障分析及改进措施

针对Φ10 0 0mm瑞士卡萨利氨合成塔内件应用投产后出现触媒泄漏、系统阻力上升的问题 ,对其进行分析 ,查找问题存在的原因 ,提出技术改进措施 ,最终使装置运行稳定 ,达到并超过设计生产能力 ,取得较好的应用效果。     

钛硅分子筛催化环己酮氨肟化反应过程--本征动力学

对钛硅分子筛(HTS)催化环己酮氨肟化反应本征动力学进行了研究。利用经验方程拟合了试验数据，并采用Marquardt算法对经验方程的参数进行确定，获得了不同试验条件下的反应初速率，然后再用高斯-牛顿法对本征动力学模型进行了参数估计，得出了氨肟化反应以及该反应体系中H2O2分解的本征动力学。并对该模型进行了残差分析和F检验，对氨肟化反应和H2O2分解的动力学模型的计算值与试验值进行了比较，获得相对误差绝对值的平均值分别为5．21％和6．25％。表明该模型能真实反映HTS催化环己酮氨肟化的反应特性，是合理可靠的，能为进一步的过程开发与工程设计提供一些理论上的指导和设计上的依据；而H2O2分解副反应动力学模型仅适用于该反应体系。     

全固态氨气传感器

概括了目前氨气传感器的国内外发展状况，提出了传统电化学气体传感器存在的问题，介绍了一种利用Nafion膜为固态电解质的氨气传感器，阐述了它的工作原理，对电极材料、薄膜材料、固态电解液、电路等关键技术进行了讨论，重点介绍了电极的活化、液态电解质的固化及传感器的抗干扰、抗恶劣环境影响等技术研究，给出了传感器的结构和电路原理图，讨论了传感器的性能特点和发展方向。     

Effect of Ammonia on the Gas-Phase Hydration of the Common Atmospheric Ion HSO4?

Hydration directly affects the mobility, thermodynamic properties, lifetime and nucleation rates of atmospheric ions. In the present study, the role of ammonia on the formation of hydrogen bonded complexes of the common atmospheric hydrogensulfate (HSO₄⁻) ion with water has been investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Our findings rule out the stabilizing effect of ammonia on the formation of negatively charged cluster hydrates and show clearly that the conventional (classical) treatment of ionic clusters as presumably more stable compared to neutrals may not be applicable to pre-nucleation clusters. These considerations lead us to conclude that not only quantitative but also qualitative assessment of the relative thermodynamic stability of atmospheric clusters requires a quantum-chemical treatment.     

中型合成氨厂技改节能措施

我厂为重油部分氧化法，激冷工艺，设计年产合成氨１０万吨，主要产品为硝铵、纯碱等。本文总结了近年来对我厂工艺、设备进行了多处技术改造，使合成氨产量不断增加，总能耗逐年下降．经济效益十分可观。     

超超临界锅炉喷氨优化与调整

某厂超超临界燃煤火电机组已完成超低排放改造,实现烟尘、SO₂和NO_x排放浓度远低于10 mg/Nm³、35 mg/Nm³和50 mg/Nm³。但锅炉中脱硝系统氨逃逸过大,导致脱硝系统后面的烟道内空预器及低温省煤器堵塞严重,严重影响了机组运行安全。通过测量该锅炉SCR反应器出口NOx浓度及氨逃逸量等参数,基于实测数据分析对锅炉喷氨量进行优化调整,降低SCR反应器出口氨逃逸量,从而有效缓解空预器及低温省煤器的堵塞状况,保证机组的高效安全运行。     

Effect of ammonia concentrations on SCC of α-brass under mode III loading

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of α-brass in ammonia solution was studied under mode III loading. The results showed that SCC occurred on the principal stress planes where shear stresses are zero. No SCC occurred on the maximum shear stress plane. Ammonia concentration affected fracture behaviour. When the concentration was low, many cracks with spacing of 10–150 μm were found on 45 ° planes, i.e., the principal stress planes. When the concentration was high, the cracks on 45 ° planes were not clearly visible because of serious general corrosion.