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51.
Catherine J. Watson 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》1990,24(1):1-10
Urea can be an inefficient N source due to rapid hydrolysis by soil urease leading to NH3 volatilization. The current study investigated the effect of the urease inhibitor phenylphosphorodiamidate (PPD) incorporated at two concentrations (0.5% and 1% w/w) within the fertilizer granule on NH3 volatilization from surface applied urea. The daily rates of NH3 loss from 20 soils of widely differing properties from Northern Ireland were measured over 14 days using ventilated enclosures under simulated spring conditions. Cumulative loss rates were calculated and fitted to a logistic model from which total NH3 loss (Amax) and the time to maximum rate of loss (Tmax) were determined. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis related the effectiveness of PPD in reducing NH3 volatilization from urea to soil properties.The total cumulative loss of ammonia from unamended urea varied from 0.37 to 29.2% depending on soil type. Ammonia volatilization appeared to be greatest on a soil with a high pH (R2 = 0.65), a low titratable acidity (TA) (R2 = 0.63) and a soil that was drying out (R2 = 0.50). Soil pH was negatively correlated with TA (r = –0.826, P < 0.001) suggesting that soils with a low TA may have received recent lime. Including cation exchange capacity (CEC) and % N as well as pH-KCl in the multiple linear regression equation explained 86% of the variance.The effectiveness of PPD in reducing Amax varied between 0% to 91% depending on soil type, the average over all 20 soils being 30 and 36% for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. The most important soil properties influencing the effectiveness of the urease inhibitor were soil pH-H2O and TA accounting for 33% and 29% of the variance respectively. PPD was less effective on a soil with a high pH and low TA. These were the soil conditions that led to high NH3 volatilization from unamended urea and may explain why PPD had limited success in reducing ammonia loss on these soils. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that 75% of the variation in the % inhibition of NH3 loss by PPD could be significantly accounted for by pH-H2O, initial soil NO
3
-
-N concentration, % moisture content and % moisture loss.The delay in Tmax by PPD ranged from 0.19 to 7.93 days, the average over all 20 soils being 2.5 and 2.8 days for 0.5% and 1% PPD respectively. TA, % moisture content, urease activity and CEC were soil properties that significantly explained 83% of the variation in the % delay in Tmax by PPD in multiple linear regression analysis. However, none of these soil properties were significant on their own. As urea hydrolysis occurs rapidly in soil, delaying Tmax under field conditions would increase the chance of rain falling to move the urea below the soil surface and reduce NH3 volatilization. A urease inhibitor should be more effective than PPD on soils with a high pH and low TA to be successful in reducing high NH3 losses. 相似文献
52.
The angular dependence of potassium emission-desorption is studied from a fused iron catalyst of the type used for ammonia synthesis. The excited species (K*, K
n
*
, etc.) and positive ions K+ have strongly different angular distributions. The bilobular distribution measured for ion desorption is concluded to be either due to excited atoms, so-called Rydberg atoms, or excited clusters. Both types of species have to desorb from the edges of the sample and become field ionized and deexcited just outside the sample, as reported in previous studies on an iron oxide catalyst. The peak in the normal direction measured for excited species is due to excited cluster formation outside the catalyst surface. Similarities with previous results for other catalysts are observed. The possibility that the promoter function of potassium in the ammonia synthesis is due to excited species is pointed out.On leave from Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland. 相似文献
53.
丁明华 《化工自动化及仪表》2003,30(4):49-50
介绍一种对电除尘工序进行远程自动控制的方法。使用DCS顺序控制图,通过模块组态和内部编程,实现多台设备的自动控制,优化工艺过程,提高该工序的自动化水平。 相似文献
54.
以TiCl4为原料,正丁醇和水的混合液为溶剂,通入氨气促使TiCl4水解,制备出不同粒径的TiO2粉体.由X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜和激光粒度仪对样品进行了表征.研究了温度、pH值对粉体的晶型、形貌和粒径的影响.结果表明:在80 ℃通氨气,3≤pH≤8时,所得TiO2粉体均为锐钛矿和金红石的混相,且pH=3时制得的粉体为60 nm左右的球形颗粒,分散性很好;而pH=6,8时所得的粉体团聚严重;室温(20~30 ℃)下通氨至pH=6也可得到分散性较好的无定型态TiO2粉体,但粉体粒径增大,约170nm左右. 相似文献
55.
实验在169℃左右加热硝酸铵到熔融状态,加入防爆剂,冷却到室温,得到含防爆剂的硝酸铵。测试其摩擦感度、5 s延滞期爆发点、静电火花感度以及配成铵油炸药后的撞击感度、雷管感度。结果表明,含防爆剂硝酸铵较普通硝酸铵撞击感度从88%降到24%,摩擦感度降为0%,5 s爆发延滞期从462℃增加到474℃,静电火花感度和雷管感度无明显变化。 相似文献
56.
Pt/Al2O3 catalysts with platinum contents of 0.1, 1.0 and 3.0 wt% were used for the low temperature combustion of methanol in the absence and the respective presence of a trace amount of ammonia. It is observed that ammonia inhibits the combustion of methanol, which is due to competition between methanol and ammonia for the same sites. For a fixed space velocity and without ammonia in the gas, the performances of the catalysts increase up to a Pt loading of 1.0 wt%. In the presence of ammonia, however, no upper limit of performance is observed with increased Pt content. The results are discussed in terms of both Pt–support interface and the Pt surface being active. 相似文献
57.
介绍了氨分解制氢工艺设备的改进.改造氨汽化器,用蒸汽加热液氨替换电加热液氨;用电加热器直接加热氮气,使分子筛加热再生,改造净化系统. 相似文献
58.
Chemical interactions between soil N and alkaline-hydrolysing N fertilizers labelled with15N were studied in the laboratory using twelve-irradiated soils. Fertilizer was recovered in the soil organic N fraction via the process of NH3 fixation. NH3 fixation at day 7 varied from 1.8 to 4.6% of the N added as aqua ammonia at 1000 mg kg–1 soil. The amount of NH3 fixed increased with increasing rates of application of NH3(aq) and urea. The rate of NH3 fixation decreased with time, with more than 55% of the total NH3 fixation in 28 days occurring in the first week following application of 2000 mg urea-N kg–1 soil. Soil pH and NH3 fixation varied in response to N source, and increased in the order of di-ammonium phosphate 3 fixation, resulting in the release of unlabelled ammonium (deamination) and a real added nitrogen interaction in all but two of the soils studied. The release of NH
4
+
initially increased up to a pH of 7.5, was inhibited between pH 8.5 and 9.0, but increased thereafter. The balance (Nbal) between NH3 fixation and deamination was either positive or negative, depending on the pH of the fertilized soil, which was directly related to N source and concentration for a given soil. 相似文献
59.
The adhesion energy between silicone rubber and glass has been obtained from the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts' test. The specific effect of ammonia on the quasi-equilibrium value has been studied as a function of the degree of crosslinking of the elastomer. For PDMS networks with lower molecular weight between crosslinks, the effect is more pronounced but completely reversible. This has been related to the increase in the non-dispersive part of the surface energy of the silicone due to the imbibed ammonia. In incompletely crosslinked hydroxyl-terminated PDMS, ammonia has a catalytic effect and is responsible for chemical bonding between the unreacted hydroxyl groups of the PDMS and the hydroxyl groups on glass. 相似文献
60.
阐述了合成油的技术、MTG工艺技术数据及我国联醇工业的发展,根据合成油、合成氨、甲醇原料相近的特点,以及合成油、合成氨联产工艺技术开发及工业性试验的结果,分析论证了合成油、合成氨联产的可行性。 相似文献