Comparing alternative cellulosic biomass biorefining systems: Centralized versus distributed processing systems

This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations.     

MTBE装置冷却器管束腐蚀穿孔失效分析

通过宏观、微观分析的科学方法,对MTBE装置冷却器管束进行了失效分析。结果表明,冷却器管束腐蚀穿孔的主要原因是由于冷却水在换热管内壁上严重结垢造成的,并提出了相应的整改建议。     

催化裂化装置外取热器运行异常分析

中国石油化工股份有限公司洛阳分公司Ⅱ套催化裂化装置外取热系统自2011年改造后,出现难流化,难建立循环的现象,无法灵活调整外取热器产汽量,给生产造成很大影响.针对进料复杂多变、外取热器难以流化的现状,采取了外取热器单器流化的操作模式,以保证装置具备灵活的取热手段.分析认为外取热器简体内流化风管的流化状态对外取热器流化有重要影响.装置检修期间,对外取热器进行了改造,主要改造内容是简体内的流化风环.改造后,外取热器循环流化和产汽较之前有大幅度改善,为生产优化提供了保障.     

低温下生物增效技术对去除氨氮效果的改善

在冬季水温低的情况下,为改善对氨氮的去除效果而实施了生物增效试验,连续30d向某污水处理厂的曝气池投加硝化菌,研究了投加菌剂后对氨氮的去除效果.投加菌剂10 d后,在水温为12.4 ～ 15.2℃时,二沉池出水氨氮浓度＜15 mg/L,对氨氮的去除率由68.6％提高至84.7％,处理水量由6.2×104 m3/d提升至7.5×104 m3/d.菌剂投加期结束后的30 d内,在维持高处理水量的前提下,出水氨氮＜7 mg/L,去除率＞91％,处理水量超过设计水量约25％.同时,该技术的费用较低,直接菌剂成本仅为0.067元/m3.     

Urine separation as part of a real-time control strategy

Considering wastewater from household sources, urine accounts for approximately 80% of the ammonia loads but for only 1% of the hydraulic load. Where classical urine separation deals with the separation and subsequent removal of urine from the wastewater stream, the method promoted here (urine separation for waste design) aims to (1) separate urine from the wastewater stream, (2) store it at the household and (3) release it in a controlled manner into the drainage system. The ultimate goal is on the one hand to average the daily dynamics in the ammonia load to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and on the other hand to reduce ammonia emissions towards receiving waters. All process steps from urine production, separation, harvesting and controlled release of urine have been modelled on a micro-level where all toilets in the system are balanced separately. As a case study the integrated urban drainage system of Vils/Reutte in Tyrol was used where a total of 11 different control strategies – ranging from simple to highly complex real-time control (RTC) applications – have been developed and tested. The evaluation (taking into account both aims as expressed above) showed that the simplest RTC applications are the most effective. The optimal performance achieved in the case study resulted in an ammonia reduction of 62% (load based) compared to the status quo. As such a method would require considerable systems changes, an incremental implementation of associated improvements were also tested in this work. An important outcome was that a large proportion of the final improvement is gained already with the first 25% of installed separation toilets.     

氨氮和硝酸盐氮对再生水管网腐蚀状况的影响研究

在模拟真实管网水力条件下,从腐蚀速率、铁释放、腐蚀产物形貌及成分等方面,研究了氨氮和硝酸盐氮对碳钢腐蚀的影响。研究发现,加氨氮和硝酸盐氮的工况1与未加两种物质的工况2相比,工况1有更低的铁释放速率和腐蚀速率。两种工况腐蚀产物类型差别不大,腐蚀产物主要包括γ-FeOOH、α-FeOOH、Fe_2O_3、Fe_3O_4、β-FeOOH,未检测出碳酸钙但出现一种新的晶型———钙磷石,整体来说工况1腐蚀产物密实、稳定性更好。     

水泥篦冷机自适应模型预测控制器*

篦冷机的料层厚度的控制是水泥工厂的控制难题之一。料层厚度由篦冷机篦速进行控制。但由于过程的非线性和不稳定性,部分线性的控制器很难解决这一问题。在研究中,我们将过程动态曲线的线性部分筛分出来,并依据此建立了一个拟合模型,最终实现了一个自适应控制器。该控制器在某水泥厂成功实施,效果非常好。这个方法易于实施,效果稳定,有良好的推广前景。     

氨分解制氢催化剂研究进展

随着环保法规日趋严格,清洁氢能的生产和应用引起关注,氨分解制氢是其中重要途径之一。综述Ru、Ni和Fe等氨分解催化剂的研究进展,Ru催化剂具有较高的催化活性,但由于资源有限和价格昂贵等因素使其在工业应用方面受到限制。以Fe和Ni为代表的非贵金属催化剂资源丰富,价格低廉,氨分解反应转化率高,具有潜在的工业应用前景。我国独创的新一代Fe_(1-x)O基新型熔铁催化剂是目前世界上活性最高的氨合成催化剂,根据微观可逆性原理,新型熔铁催化剂也是氨分解反应活性最好的制氢催化剂。     

氨气回收机组的设计

设计了氨气回收机组,为降低能耗,采用多级压缩方案。按设计工况,对后置压缩机、蒸发式冷凝器、前置压缩机进行了设计选型,给出了真空机组的相关参数。后置压缩机和蒸发式冷凝器风机配备了变频器,可以调节机组的冷凝负荷及配风量,确保机组在最小能耗状态工作。     

难选氧化锌矿氨浸过程热力学分析

针对难选氧化锌矿的特点，对氧化锌矿氨浸过程进行热力学分析。氧化锌的氨浸可能发生氨水与氢离子的反应，锌离子和氢氧阴离子的络合反应，锌离子与氨水的络合反应。溶液中无氨存在时，Zn^2 与OH^-的配合反应可以忽略。氧化锌在氨水溶液中的溶解度随氨水浓度和pH的变化而变化，而当溶液氨浓度为4mol／L时，总锌浓度[Zn]T保持在1mol／L左右。以4mol／L的氨水溶液浸出兰坪难选氧化锌矿38min，锌浸出率达81．89％。