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211.
This study explores how two different cellulosic ethanol production system configurations (distributed versus centralized processing) affect some aspects of the economic and environmental performance of cellulosic ethanol, measured as minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) and various environmental impact categories. The eco-efficiency indicator, which simultaneously accounts for economic and environmental features, is also calculated. The centralized configuration offers better economic performance for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration is economically superior for large-scale biorefineries. The MESP of the centralized configuration declines with increased biorefinery size up to a point and then rises due to the cost of trucking biomass to the biorefinery. In contrast, the MESP in the distributed configuration continuously declines with increasing biorefinery size due to the lower costs of railroad transportation and the greater economies of scale achieved at much larger biorefinery sizes, including biorefineries that reach the size of an average oil refinery—about 30,000 tons per day of feedstock. The centralized system yields lower environmental impacts for most impact categories than does the distributed system regardless of the biorefinery size. Eco-efficiency analysis shows that the centralized configuration is more sustainable for small-scale biorefineries, while the distributed configuration with railroad transport is more sustainable for large-scale biorefineries. Compared with gasoline from petroleum, cellulosic ethanol fuel offers sustainability advantages for the following environmental impact categories: fossil energy consumption, global warming, human health impacts by particulate matter, ozone layer depletion, ecotoxicity, human health cancer, and human health non-cancer, depending somewhat on the biorefinery sizes and the system configurations. 相似文献
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通过宏观、微观分析的科学方法,对MTBE装置冷却器管束进行了失效分析。结果表明,冷却器管束腐蚀穿孔的主要原因是由于冷却水在换热管内壁上严重结垢造成的,并提出了相应的整改建议。 相似文献
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在冬季水温低的情况下,为改善对氨氮的去除效果而实施了生物增效试验,连续30d向某污水处理厂的曝气池投加硝化菌,研究了投加菌剂后对氨氮的去除效果.投加菌剂10 d后,在水温为12.4 ~ 15.2℃时,二沉池出水氨氮浓度<15 mg/L,对氨氮的去除率由68.6%提高至84.7%,处理水量由6.2×104 m3/d提升至7.5×104 m3/d.菌剂投加期结束后的30 d内,在维持高处理水量的前提下,出水氨氮<7 mg/L,去除率>91%,处理水量超过设计水量约25%.同时,该技术的费用较低,直接菌剂成本仅为0.067元/m3. 相似文献
215.
《Urban Water Journal》2013,10(4):233-240
Considering wastewater from household sources, urine accounts for approximately 80% of the ammonia loads but for only 1% of the hydraulic load. Where classical urine separation deals with the separation and subsequent removal of urine from the wastewater stream, the method promoted here (urine separation for waste design) aims to (1) separate urine from the wastewater stream, (2) store it at the household and (3) release it in a controlled manner into the drainage system. The ultimate goal is on the one hand to average the daily dynamics in the ammonia load to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and on the other hand to reduce ammonia emissions towards receiving waters. All process steps from urine production, separation, harvesting and controlled release of urine have been modelled on a micro-level where all toilets in the system are balanced separately. As a case study the integrated urban drainage system of Vils/Reutte in Tyrol was used where a total of 11 different control strategies – ranging from simple to highly complex real-time control (RTC) applications – have been developed and tested. The evaluation (taking into account both aims as expressed above) showed that the simplest RTC applications are the most effective. The optimal performance achieved in the case study resulted in an ammonia reduction of 62% (load based) compared to the status quo. As such a method would require considerable systems changes, an incremental implementation of associated improvements were also tested in this work. An important outcome was that a large proportion of the final improvement is gained already with the first 25% of installed separation toilets. 相似文献
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