Extraction of U（VI） and Th（IV） with a novel extractant N,N‘—tetrahexylmalonamide （THMA） in toluene

The dependence of THMA extraction behaviour for U(VI) and Th(IV) on nitric acid concentration,THMA concentratioin and molecular structure of extracted complex has been studied.For nitric acid solutions of 3.0 mol/L a coordinative mechanism may possibly dominate in the extraction of metal catioins,The complex composition of UO2(NO3)2(THMA)2,Th(NO3)4(THMA)2 and Th(NO3)4(THMA03 are proved.     

Reactant partitioning in free-radical heterophase polymerization: The case of inverse microemulsion polymerization of acrylamide

Conversion curves have been determined at 60°C for the polymerization of acrylamide in percolating inverse microemulsions. Ammonium peroxo-disulphate (APS) and dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP) were used as initiators of free-radical polymerization in the presence or absence of potassium nitrosodisulphonate (Fremy's salt, FS). The percolation decreases the rate of polymerization of acrylamide initiated by APS. The polymerization is inhibited by FS. After an inhibition period, retardation of acrylamide polymerization is more pronounced in non-percolating microemulsions. No inhibition periods were observed for DBP-initiated polymerization of acrylamide. The percolation shortens the time interval of the ‘slow’ polymerization of acrylamide, but the rates of rapid acrylamide polymerization above 10% conversion are the same for percolating and for non-percolating inverse microemulsions. The polymer particle diameter is a function of acrylamide/water weight ratio and of [water]/[AOT] (AOT: bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulphosuccinate sodium salt) molar ratio. No effect of the initiator's nature either in the presence or in the absence of FS was found. The results are interpreted on the basis of initiator and/or nitroxide radical partitioning between oil and water phases of the inverse microemulsion, and are discussed with respect to the mechanism of acrylamide polymerization and polymer particle formation proposed for non-percolating inverse microemulsions.     

Nitrogen losses by denitrification and leaching in grassland

In this study nitrogen losses by denitrification and leaching have been quantified in a natural grassland, comparing the losses produced by a mineral fertilization (calcium ammonium nitrate) and an organic fertilization (cow slurry). It has been stated that in the edafoclimatic conditions of the Basque Country denitrification losses are more important than those produced by leaching, spring and autumn being the seasons with a greater risk of losses. These losses are great and immediately occurring after mineral fertilization and small but distributed along the time when organic fertilization is applied.     

微波消解-离子色谱法测定磷矿石中氟和氯

磷矿石中氟和氯的准确测定对评价磷矿石的利用价值有重要指导作用。采用硝酸(1+1)和过氧化氢作为消解液,于160 ℃对样品微波消解15 min,将消解液通过0.22 μm在线超滤系统,采用Metrosep A Supp 5-250/4.0阴离子色谱柱,以3.2 mmol/L碳酸钠和1.0 mmol/L碳酸氢钠缓冲溶液作为淋洗液,电导检测器测定,建立了微波消解-离子色谱法测定磷矿石中氟和氯的方法。结果表明,氟的特征峰出现时间为6.29 min,氯的特征峰出现时间为9.17 min,氟和氯在质量浓度为10.00~50.00 mg/L范围内与其相应峰面积有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均不小于0.999 6。氟和氯的方法检出限分别为0.102 μg/L和0.162 μg/L,定量限分别为0.343 μg/L和0.540 μg/L。按照实验方法对磷矿石标准物质中氟进行测定,并加入氟单元素标准储备溶液进行加标回收试验,结果表明,氟测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)小于1%;氟的测定结果与认定值相符合,回收率为98%~105%。将实验方法应用于6个磷矿石样品中氟和氯的测定,结果表明,实验方法测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=7)均小于1%;实验方法测定结果分别与GB/T 1872—1995中离子选择性电极法或GB/T 9729—2007中氯化银比浊法基本一致。     

Conformational properties of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) determined by combination of molecular dynamics, rotational isomeric states and Monte Carlo procedures

A theoretical model describing the conformational properties of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) is developed with the following strategy: molecular dynamics simulations are performed on model molecules representing dimers of PDDA. The results are employed to formulate a rotational isomeric state model for these molecules in terms of short-range interactions. Furthermore, the MD trajectories permit the evaluation of conformational energies and probabilities for the 27 conformations allowed to the three bonds sequence contained in the dimers. These probabilities are then employed to generate single chains of PDDA in vacuo according to standard Monte Carlo procedures and their main squared end to end distance 〈r²〉 are computed. The procedure (MD simulations, evaluation of energies and probabilities and MC calculations) is then repeated for two more realistic systems obtained by fitting into a cubic box, having side length L and periodic boundary conditions, a forty repeating units oligomer of PDDA together with 40 Cl⁻ as counterions and 500 water molecules (referred to as water system, ) or the oligomer with its counterions, 500 water molecules and 20 NaCl molecules (referred to as salt system, ). The behavior of the three systems is noticeably different and the value of unperturbed dimensions computed for the realistic systems are in good agreement with preliminary results of experimental measurements being carried out in our laboratory.     

Phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process

The results from this research suggest that both calcium phosphate precipitation and enhanced biological uptake play a role in phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process when a non-nitrifying, anaerobic-aerobic system is used to treat a low calcium wastewater. The primary removal mechanism was found to be biological uptake, as calcium phosphate precipitation accounted for only 15–27% of the total phosphorus removed. Calcium phosphate precipitation in the aerobic unit was enhanced because of the pH increase in that reactor. This was the result of low CO₂ production (indicated by low specific oxygen uptake values) and intense aeration which caused excessive CO₂ stripping in the aerobic unit     

Applications of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) in biomaterials field

Various tasks were undertaken in our laboratory where environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) has been of particular interest within the biomaterials field. The possibility of observing wet samples, as well as the fact that sample preparation is minimal, has improved shorter time scales and lower costs in microscopy. Minimal preparation has also reduced the possibility of introducing artifacts. Examples like cell cultures used for pit resorption assays, calcium phosphate deposition processes, and dissolution of phosphate glasses used as biomaterials are presented. Finally, a servohydraulic testing machine designed for mechanical testing in situ in ESEM has allowed the study of shape memory alloys for orthodontic applications or the behavior of different adhesives used in odontology.     

Use of IR Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and Petrographic Analysis to Evaluate Structural Changes in Aluminophosphate Compositions at Creeping

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the structural changes observed in ceramic compositions based on aluminum oxide and phosphate H₃PO₄binders at creeping using IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and pectrographic analysis. The study reports the dependence of structural changes on the composition of the compounds, the type of phosphate binder, the temperature of processing, and the test conditions at creeping. On the basis of the test results and the data obtained elsewhere [1–7], it is surmised that the deformation process of phosphate compositions at high temperatures and loads is connected with a change in the physicochemical characteristics of the material and, as a consequence, with a change in its structure. It is revealed that the mechanism of deformation of aluminophosphate material at creeping depends primarily on the change in the matrix structure that cements the grains of electrocorundum in the material.     

料浆法磷铵工艺的发展和展望

介绍了适合我国磷矿资源国情,由我国自主开发的“中和料浆浓缩法磷铵工艺”的发展历史、现状、技术优势、基础理论进展和各个环节的创新技术和装备,并对该工艺发展中的若干问题提出了建议和展望。     

稀土氧化物对高氯酸铵热分解的作用及机制

采用草酸沉淀法、碳酸氢铵沉淀法和乙二醇溶胶凝胶法制备了多种稀土氧化物,用差热分析技术比较了不同稀土氧化物对高氯酸铵热分解的催化作用。结果表明：所有稀土氧化物均能使高氯酸铵的第一放热峰滞后,而第二放热分解峰提前;随着稀土添加量的增加,两分解峰逐渐靠近,最终合并为一个分解放热峰,分解热也大大提高。不同稀土氧化物种类对高氯酸铵热分解的催化作用有一定的差异,轻稀土镨和钕的氧化物使分解峰表现为前弱后强的两个相连的峰,中稀土钐和钆的氧化物表现为单一的强峰,而重稀土铒和镱的氧化物表现为前强后弱的两个分立的放热峰。对于同一种稀土氧化物,制备方法的不同对催化高氯酸铵的热分解也有差异,这与产物的比表面积有关,随着产物比表面积的增加,催化效果越明显。用能带理论解释了氧化稀土对AP热分解过程的影响,把氧化稀土作为半导体来考虑,正是由于它们储存和释放电子的功能性质导致了AP第一分解峰的滞后和第二分解峰的提前。