Olfactory repeated discrimination reversal in rats: Effects of chlordiazepoxide, dizocilpine, and morphine.

Effects of a benzodiazepine (chlordiazepoxide), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (dizocilpine), and an opiate agonist (morphine) were studied with a procedure designed to assess effects of drugs and other manipulations on nonspatial learning in rats. In each session, rats were exposed to 2 different 2-choice odor-discrimination problems with food reinforcement for correct responses. One problem (performance discrimination) remained the same throughout the study. That is, 1 odor was always correct (S+) and the other was never correct (S-). For the other problem (reversal discrimination), stimuli changed every session. Six different odors were used to program the reversal discrimination; on any given session, S+ was a stimulus that had served as S- the last time it had appeared, S- was a stimulus that had been S+ on its last appearance. Thus, in each session, learning a discrimination reversal could be studied along with the performance of a comparable, but previously learned, discrimination. Chlordiazepoxide interfered with reversal learning at doses that had no effect on the performance discrimination. Morphine and dizocilpine also impaired reversal learning but only at doses that also affected performance of the well-learned performance discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reversible Hippocampal Inactivation Partially Dissociates How and Where to Search in the Water Maze.

To assess the interaction between spatial and procedural memory systems, the authors developed a learning protocol in the water maze using a rising "Atlantis" platform that requires rats to learn to swim to a specific location and, once there, to learn a "dwelling" response to raise the platform. In this protocol, the effects of temporal inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus with the AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist LY326325 on different memory phases were investigated. Hippocampal inactivation impaired acquisition of the searching task, mainly because of disruption of procedural learning. Inactivation also impeded consolidation and retrieval of spatial information, while leaving expression of dwelling responses intact. These findings challenge the idea of a sharp demarcation between spatial and procedural learning with respect to hippocampal involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chlordiazepoxide interactions with scopolamine and dizocilpine: Novel cooperative and antagonistic effects on spatial learning.

The authors investigated the effects on spatial behavior of coadministrations of a benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), with a noncompetitive N-methyl-{d}-aspartate receptor antagonist (NMDAR), dizocilpine (DZP), and a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (SCP). Rats solved the Morris swim task in 2 settings; 1 in which a hidden escape platform was always in the same location (performance) and a 2nd in which the platform had been moved to a different location (acquisition) for repeated daily sessions. CDP (3.0 mg/kg) administered alone did not disrupt escape latencies or swim path accuracies. SCP and DZP each impaired acquisition and performance in a dose-dependent manner. CDP coadministered with 0.3 mg/kg SCP impaired escape only in the acquisition setting and when coadministered with 1.0 mg/kg SCP selectively exacerbated the escape impairment in the acquisition setting. CDP ameliorated deleterious effects of DZP in both settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

携带人白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂基因腺病毒质粒的构建

目的构建携带人白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂(hIL-1Ra)基因重组腺病毒质粒。方法用EcoRⅤ和HindⅢ双酶切质粒pcDNA3-hIL-1Ra,获得hIL-1RacDNA片段,并定向连接在pShuttle-CMV穿梭载体上,构建穿梭质粒pShuttle-CMV/hIL-IRa。经PmeⅠ酶切线性化,穿梭质粒pShuttle-CMV/hIL-1Ra与超螺旋腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,二质粒在细菌内同源重组,得到重组pAd/hIL-1Ra腺病毒质粒。脂质体介导pAd/hIL-1Ra质粒转染HEK293细胞,包装产生复制缺陷型重组腺病毒,经反复感染HEK293细胞扩增病毒后,氯化铯密度梯度离心法纯化病毒,并测定病毒颗粒数、纯度及滴度。结果经PCR鉴定、限制性酶切分析及序列测定,证明已正确构建重组pShuttle-CMV/hIL-1Ra穿梭质粒和重组pAd/hIL-1Ra腺病毒质粒。扩增纯化后,重组腺病毒颗粒数为1.19×1011OPU/ml,A260/A280为1.279,滴度为3.6×109CCID50/ml。结论已成功构建重组腺病毒质粒pAd/hIL-1Ra,为hIL-1Ra基因在腺病毒载体介导下的免疫抑制治疗研究奠定实验基础。     

作用于γ-氨基丁酸受体的杀虫剂研究进展

随着杀虫剂的不断使用,昆虫会对所使用的化学物质产生抗药性。γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid, GABA)受体是重要的杀虫剂靶标之一,农药学家和昆虫毒理学家对其进行了广泛的研究。作用于该类受体的杀虫剂杀虫活性高、安全性好,使其成为新农药创制的热点。概述了GABA受体的结构与分类、作用于GABA受体的杀虫剂的化学结构、杀虫活性、致毒机理、分类、抗性研究及其在农业病虫害防治方面的应用,其中新型异唑啉类和间二酰胺类因其独特的作用位点、对哺乳动物低毒以及优异的选择性,具有良好的发展前景。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌拮抗菌筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

目的:从不同地区猕猴桃根际土壤中筛选拮抗猕猴桃溃疡病菌的菌株,优化其产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件,为猕猴桃溃疡病的生物防治提供潜在的资源菌。方法:采用平板稀释法从猕猴桃根际土壤中分离获得菌株,采用抑菌圈法筛选拮抗菌;通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定;并采用单因素及正交试验优化培养基组分及发酵条件。结果:从土壤中共分离到288株放线菌,其中编号为NA-TXL-1的菌株对猕猴桃溃疡病菌的拮抗效果最佳,采用预防法、治疗法进行盆栽实验,发酵原液的防治效果分别为73.06%、55.62%,初步鉴定该菌株为抗生链霉菌。其最佳发酵配方和培养条件为:乳糖30 g/L、酵母粉3 g/L、NaCl 1 g/L、K_2HPO_4 0.5 g/L、MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5 g/L、FeSO_4 0.01 g/L,种子培养基为乳糖-酵母粉培养基,接种量为2%,起始pH值为7.0,发酵原液、上清液、重悬液分别培养5、14、5 d。结论:经鉴定,拮抗菌株为Streptomyces antibioticus。在优化的发酵条件下,该菌株对猕猴桃溃疡病菌具有更好的拮抗效果。     

Memantine Modulates Oxidative Stress in the Rat Brain following Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model most commonly used in research on the pathomechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The inflammatory processes, glutamate excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress have been proposed as determinants accompanying demyelination and neuronal degeneration during the course of MS/EAE. The aim of the current study was to characterize the role of NMDA receptors in the induction of oxidative stress during the course of EAE. The effect of memantine, the uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, on modulation of neurological deficits and oxidative stress in EAE rats was analyzed using several experimental approaches. We demonstrated that the expression of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutases SOD1 and SOD2) were elevated in EAE rat brains. Under the same experimental conditions, we observed alterations in oxidative stress markers such as increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased levels of sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, both protein and non-protein (indicating protein damage), and a decline in reduced glutathione. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of ionotropic NMDA glutamate receptors by their antagonist memantine improved the physical activity of EAE rats, alleviated neurological deficits such as paralysis of tail and hind limbs, and modulated oxidative stress parameters (MDA, -SH groups, SOD’s). Furthermore, the current therapy aiming to suppress NMDAR-induced oxidative stress was partially effective when NMDAR’s antagonist was administered at an early (asymptomatic) stage of EAE.     

梨采后黑斑病拮抗菌J18的鉴定及防治效果的初步研究

从国内16个省市自治区的果园梨果上和土样中分离筛选到对由链格孢霉Alternaria alternate(Fr.)Keissler引起的梨采后黑斑病有明显抑制效果的拮抗菌J18,经生理生化及分子生物学鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).梨果在拮抗菌J18菌悬液中浸果30 s,晾干后喷施接种病原真菌...     

米糠蛋白类阿片拮抗肽的分离纯化

采用体积排阻色谱和反相高效液相(RP-HPLC)对米糠蛋白酶解物进行分离纯化,得到一种具有较高活性的类阿片拮抗肽,体积排阻高效液相色谱(SE-HPLC)测定它的相对分子质量为546Da。     

Control of STING Agonistic/Antagonistic Activity Using Amine-Skeleton-Based c-di-GMP Analogues

Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane receptor. STING is activated by a ligand binding, which leads to an enhancement of the immune-system response. Therefore, a STING ligand can be used to regulate the immune system in therapeutic strategies. However, the natural (or native) STING ligand, cyclic-di-nucleotide (CDN), is unsuitable for pharmaceutical use because of its susceptibility to degradation by enzymes and its low cell-membrane permeability. In this study, we designed and synthesized CDN derivatives by replacing the sugar-phosphodiester moiety, which is responsible for various problems of natural CDNs, with an amine skeleton. As a result, we identified novel STING ligands that activate or inhibit STING. The cyclic ligand 7, with a cyclic amine structure containing two guanines, was found to have agonistic activity, whereas the linear ligand 12 showed antagonistic activity. In addition, these synthetic ligands were more chemically stable than the natural ligands.