水环境中典型抗抑郁药物的分布与去除现状

抗抑郁药物是一类具有生物毒性的新型环境污染物,近年来在水环境中频繁检出,已引起水处理界的广泛关注。介绍了典型抗抑郁药物的来源及分布现状,并以检出频率较高的西酞普兰和文拉法辛为例,综述了其在污水处理厂中的去除现状,以及高级氧化技术对其的降解效果。由于我国对水环境中的抗抑郁类药物的研究尚处于起步阶段,因此在今后的研究中有必要关注典型抗抑郁药物在污水处理过程中的降解机制,探究污水成分对降解过程的影响。     

Cell Cycle Regulation of Hippocampal Progenitor Cells in Experimental Models of Depression and after Treatment with Fluoxetine

Changes in adult hippocampal cell proliferation and genesis have been largely implicated in depression and antidepressant action, though surprisingly, the underlying cell cycle mechanisms are largely undisclosed. Using both an in vivo unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) rat model of depression and in vitro rat hippocampal-derived neurosphere culture approaches, we aimed to unravel the cell cycle mechanisms regulating hippocampal cell proliferation and genesis in depression and after antidepressant treatment. We show that the hippocampal dentate gyrus (hDG) of uCMS animals have less proliferating cells and a decreased proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, suggesting a G1 phase arrest; this is accompanied by decreased levels of cyclin D1, E, and A expression. Chronic fluoxetine treatment reversed the G1 phase arrest and promoted an up-regulation of cyclin E. In vitro, dexamethasone (DEX) decreased cell proliferation, whereas the administration of serotonin (5-HT) reversed it. DEX also induced a G1-phase arrest and decreased cyclin D1 and D2 expression levels while increasing p27. Additionally, 5-HT treatment could partly reverse the G1-phase arrest and restored cyclin D1 expression. We suggest that the anti-proliferative actions of chronic stress in the hDG result from a glucocorticoid-mediated G1-phase arrest in the progenitor cells that is partly mediated by decreased cyclin D1 expression which may be overcome by antidepressant treatment.     

新型速效抗抑郁药的研究进展

抗抑郁药主要用于治疗以情绪抑郁为突出症状的精神性疾病。传统的抗抑郁药主要是以单胺类神经递质为靶点，但该类药物显效慢无法满足临床治疗需求。因此，目前临床上治疗抑郁症的方法已经从传统的单胺假说转到谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸、阿片类药物和炎症系统等研究领域。近年来，新型抗抑郁药物的开发取得了很大进展，其中一些药物已逐渐应用于临床。本文汇总了新型抗抑郁药物的研究机制及治疗方案，并对常见的速效抗抑郁药物进行了简单的综述。     

Examining the use of tramadol hydrochloride as an antidepressant.

Tramadol (Ultram, Ultracet) is a centrally acting synthetic opioid with analgesic efficacy comparable to codeine. Antinociception is attributed to low but effective affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (μ), as well as reuptake inhibition of the monoamines norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). Dual action antidepressants mirtazapine (Remeron), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and most notably venlafaxine (Effexor), which tramadol is closely related to in structure, also inhibit NE and 5HT reuptake. These medications are proven effective antidepressants and this shared monoaminergic action resulted in the research of tramadol as a potential treatment for depression. The present article intends to substantiate the use of tramadol in this manner by analyzing several decades of research which is presented as an illustration of neuronal theories, as well as lab work and case studies of both the supporting ideas and potential hazards. Finally, the article promotes the benefits of acute action in comparison to modern antidepressants and the documentation of low abuse rates while maintaining an object view of the risks, most notably, the risk for addiction from agonist action on μ-receptors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structural Exploration of (3S,6S)‐6‐Benzhydryl‐N‐benzyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐3‐amine Analogues: Identification of Potent Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Antidepressants

To further explore the basic structural motifs (3S,6S)‐6‐benzhydryl‐N‐benzyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐3‐amine and (2S,4R,5R)‐2‐benzhydryl‐5‐(benzylamino)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4‐ol, developed by our research group, for monoamine transport inhibition, we designed and synthesized various structurally altered analogues. The new compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in rat brain by measuring their capacity to inhibit the uptake of [³H]DA, [³H]5‐HT, and [³H]NE, respectively. Our results point to novel compounds with a TUI, DNRI, SNRI, or SSRI profile. Among the TUIs, compound 2 g exhibited a balanced potency for all three monoamine transporters (K_i: 60, 79, and 70.3 nM for DAT, SERT, and NET, respectively). In the rat forced swim test, compound 2 g produced a significant decrease in immobility in drug‐treated rats relative to vehicle, indicating a potential antidepressant property.     

Pharmacologic treatment of personality disorder.

This article reviews the recent literature on pharmacologic treatment of personality disorders, discusses the existing models that pharmacotherapy of these disorders, and reviews specific classes of medication that appear to play a beneficial role. Antipsychotics, mood stabilizers. antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and opioid antagonists are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists.

Reviews the book, Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists by J. Preston, J. H. O'Neal, and M. C. Talaga (1994). This text is an extremely well-written, carefully organized, and practical volume that is entirely suitable for its stated purpose. The authors comment in their Introduction that their book is "intended primarily for mental health professionals and those in graduate training in psychology, social work, and counseling (p. 3)." The Handbook is organized around the DSM-IV and the attendant conception of mental disorders as having either an explicit or implicit biological basis. The authors do a sound job of specifying typical treatment regimens among the psychotropics, and they also cover the many marginal clinical circumstances which justify moving away from conventional treatment plans. The text is especially strong in addressing some augmentation strategies for treatment refractory mood disorders, the newer or "atypical" anti-psychotics, and utilization of the very flexible and utilitarian Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI's), such as fluoxetine (Prozac). This volume is especially recommended to two groups of users. The first are graduate-level instructors who are seeking a broad-based, informative, and practical text to introduce students to the burgeoning field of psychopharmacology. The second group of utilizers should be practicing clinicians, who need either to review or to update basic concepts in psychopharmacology as they interface with patients on a daily basis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

5-HT Receptors and the Development of New Antidepressants

Serotonin modulates several physiological and cognitive pathways throughout the human body that affect emotions, memory, sleep, and thermal regulation. The complex nature of the serotonergic system and interactions with other neurochemical systems indicate that the development of depression may be mediated by various pathomechanisms, the common denominator of which is undoubtedly the disturbed transmission in central 5-HT synapses. Therefore, the deliberate pharmacological modulation of serotonergic transmission in the brain seems to be one of the most appropriate strategies for the search for new antidepressants. As discussed in this review, the serotonergic system offers great potential for the development of new antidepressant therapies based on the combination of SERT inhibition with different pharmacological activity towards the 5-HT system. The aim of this article is to summarize the search for new antidepressants in recent years, focusing primarily on the possibility of benefiting from interactions with various 5-HT receptors in the pharmacotherapy of depression.     

5-羟色胺转运体基因多态性与抗抑郁剂治疗广泛性焦虑障碍疗效的关联

目的:探索5-羟色胺转运体(5-hydroxytryptamine transporter,5-HTT)基因多态性与抗抑郁剂治疗广泛性焦虑障碍(generalized anxiety disorder,GAD)疗效的关联性。方法:188例符合DSM-IV广泛性焦虑障碍诊断标准的患者接受艾司西酞普兰（n=117）或者文拉法辛缓释剂（n=71）治疗8周,疗效判定以汉密尔顿焦虑量表（hamilton anxiety rating scale, HAMA）评分减分率及HAMA评分来评定。对所有患者及169例正常对照组接受5-HTT基因多态性检测。结果:5-HTT各基因型（SS、LS、LL）及等位基因（S、L）在GAD病例组和对照组的分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。5-HTT各基因型患者基线时HAMA评分差异无统计学意义（F=0.052,P=0.949）。所有患者中SS、LS、LL基因型治疗后HAMA减分值差异无统计学意义（F=0.748,P=0.475）。艾司西酞普兰治疗组SS、LS、LL基因型治疗后HAMA减分值差异无统计学意义（F=0.210,P=0.811）。文拉法辛缓释剂治疗组SS、LS、LL基因型治疗后HAMA减分值差异有统计学意义（F=3.505,P=0.036）,LL基因型患者HAMA减分值显著高于SS和LS基因型。结论:5-HTT基因多态性与GAD发病的易感性之间可能无直接关系。5-HTT基因多态性和艾司西酞普兰的疗效不相关,但LL基因型的GAD患者接受文拉法辛缓释剂治疗的疗效可能优于SS和LS基因型。     

Complex Effects of Sertraline and Citalopram on In Vitro Murine Breast Cancer Proliferation and on In Vivo Progression and Anxiety Level

Some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), primarily sertraline, demonstrate anti-proliferative activity in malignant cell-lines and in xenografted mouse models of colorectal tumor. There is, however, a paucity of comparative studies on the anti-tumor effects of SSRIs. We compared the in vitro and in vivo effects of sertraline and citalopram on murine 4T1 breast cancer. Grafted mice were used to determine the rate of tumor growth and survival as well as the impact of stress and antidepressant treatment on tumor progression and mortality and on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sertraline, in the micromolar range, but not citalopram, induced a significant in vitro concentration-dependent inhibition of murine 4T1 cell proliferation and splenocyte viability. In contrast, sertraline (10 mg/kg/d), enhanced in vivo tumor growth. Contrary to the study’s hypothesis, chronic mild stress did not modify tumor growth in grafted mice. The in vitro effects of sertraline on tumor growth seem to be the opposite of its in vivo effects. The impact of sertraline treatment on humans with breast cancer should be further investigated.