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101.
Centimeter-size multi-branched tree-like carbon structures have been generated by the catalytic chemical vapor deposition of toluene using ferrocene as the catalyst precursor and investigated by means of SEM, TEM, and EDX. It is found that a temperature of 1000-1200 °C and a carrier gas flow rate of 1000-2500 ml/min are necessary for the generation of the carbon trees. Their morphologies and microstructures change greatly with the changing reaction conditions. The fractal dimensions of the trees are calculated to quantitatively investigate the influence of different reaction temperatures on the morphologies. 相似文献
102.
This paper numerically evaluates the hydrodynamic drag force exerted on two highly porous spheres moving steadily along their centerline (sphere #1 and sphere #2) through a quiescent Newtonian fluid over a Reynolds number ranging from 0.1 to 40. At creeping flow limit, the drag forces exerted on both spheres were identical. At higher Reynolds numbers the drag force on sphere #1 was higher than sphere #2, revealing the shading effects produced by sphere #1 on sphere #2. At dimensionless diameter (β, =df/2k0.5, df and k are floc diameter and interior permeability, respectively) >20, the spheres can be regarded nonporous. At β<20, the drag forces dropped. At β<2, the drag forces approached “no-spheres” limit. An increased size ratio of two spheres (df1/df2) would increase the drag force on sphere #1 and reduce that on sphere #2. At increasing β for both spheres, the drag force on sphere #2 was increased because of the more difficult advective flow through its interior, and at the same time the drag was reduced owing to the stronger wake flow produced by the denser sphere #1. The competition between these two effects leads to complicated dependence of drag force on sphere #2 on β value. These effects were minimal when β became low. Two identical spheres could move steadily along their centerline. At higher Reynolds number, the two spheres would move closer because of the incorporation of inertia force. For spheres of different diameters, the sphere # 2 would move faster than sphere #1 regardless of their size ratio and β value. This occurrence yielded efficient coagulation when two porous spheres were moving in-line. 相似文献
103.
Frank N. Jones Weidian Shen Stanley M. Smith Zhihua Huang Rose A. Ryntz 《Progress in Organic Coatings》1997,34(1-4):119-129
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is in a period of rapid development. It shows great promise for characterizing coating surfaces. This paper describes modification of an SPM so that it can be used to mar the surfaces of coatings under controlled conditions and to characterize the mars. Mar resistance of coatings is analyzed in terms of a ‘three response, two mechanism model.' The three responses (fracture, elastic, and plastic) can be measured quantitatively using the SPM. Of the three responses, only two (fracture and plastic deformation) are marring mechanisms – elastic deformations recover instantaneously. In some cases mars resulting from plastic deformation may recover slowly with time or with immersion in water; this phenomenon is attributed to viscoelastic creep. Microhardness is also measured with the modified SPM. Some thermoset coatings appear to be substantially harder near their surfaces than in the mass of material, and such materials may respond quite differently to stress applied at different levels near the surface. This finding has important implications for all coating properties that are strongly influenced by the surface. A quantity called ‘micro mar resistance' is defined. It may be useful for comparing different coatings under specified conditions of marring. However, there can be no single quantity that expresses ‘mar resistance' of a coating under all conditions. 相似文献
104.
A simple, inexpensive and one-step synthesis method of metal-containing carbon nanocapsules using an arc discharge in aqueous solution is reported. It was found that Ni, Co and Fe nanoparticles could be in situ encapsulated in carbon shells when the arc was performed respectively in aqueous solutions of NiSO4, CoSO4 and FeSO4. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron diffraction patterns of selected areas were used to determine the crystalline phase of the metal cores. To explain the formation mechanism of metal-containing carbon nanocapsules, a model of discharge in solution is proposed. This result presents a simply controllable way to synthesize metal-containing carbon nanocapsules. 相似文献
105.
J Gerard LavinShekhar Subramoney Rodney S RuoffSavas Berber David Tománek 《Carbon》2002,40(7):1123-1130
Recent high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) studies of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) reveal a class of defects analogous to edge dislocations in a crystal. These defects are believed to mark the transition from scrolls on one side to nested tubes on the other. On the tube side, layer spacing becomes irregular. Analysis of the helicity of the tubes shows a strong correlation between diameter and helicity. This suggests that the organizing principle for the tubes is not Van der Waals forces, as in the case of graphite or turbostratic carbon, but preservation of helicity. Based on these observations and total energy calculations, the authors speculate that graphene monolayers initially form scrolls and subsequently transform into multiwall nanotubes through the progression of defects. Scrolls and nested tubes thus coexist within a single MWNT. 相似文献
106.
电动汽车机电复合制动力分配策略研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了实现再生制动力与机械制动力在驱动轮和从动轮之间的优化分配,在保证车辆制动安全的同时提高能量回收效率,将汽车理想制动力分配I曲线与模糊算法相结合,提出一种基于模糊控制的电动汽车机电复合制动力分配策略。设计了电动汽车再生制动力分配模糊控制器,根据车辆工况与理想制动力分配I曲线,计算前后轮上分别应加载的机电复合制动力大小。建立了电动汽车制动系统动力学仿真模型,在此基础上进行仿真分析。最后利用Advisor仿真软件对该分配策略进行回收能量效率测试。结果表明,该分配策略既能保证汽车前后轮的制动力分配按照理想制动力I曲线分布,确保汽车的制动安全;又能有效地实现再生制动能量回收,提高电动汽车的续驶里程。 相似文献
107.
搅拌装置在化工厂中应用很广,在磷肥、钛白粉装置中(15kt/a)使用较多,仅钛白粉装置中就大约有40-50台,如增稠结晶器,中和槽等,搅拌操作所涉及的因素极为复杂,浆叶形式的选择,从力学的观点来说,迄今研究不够,本文就搅拌装置产生的轴向力问题进行了初步研究。 相似文献
108.
邱芳 《自动化技术与应用》2014,(3):73-75
宽厚板厚度控制的目的是轧制出板形良好、板凸度小、同板差和异板差尽可能小的产品.莱钢宽厚板生产线自投人生产以来,在板凸度、厚度的均匀性、同板差和异板差等宽厚板厚度控制的瓶颈问题上都难以达到要求.为了实现对轧制厚度的要求,我们在现有的厚度控制模型的基础上,深入理解其控制功能、补偿功能的作用,找到引起厚度难以控制的主要因素,采取轧辊刚度补偿、轧辊偏心补偿、支撑辊油膜厚度补偿、工作辊热膨胀补偿及冲击力补偿等措施来优化厚度控制模型.自优化相应厚度参数和增加相关补偿控制功能以来,宽厚板厚度控制的精度得到很大的提高,具有很高的推广价值. 相似文献
109.
裴勇 《数字社区&智能家居》2014,(12):8221-8222
在我国数字化教学资源建设领域,建设微型教学资源受到了广泛的关注。建设职业教育微型教学资源时,因工作过程知识类别多、情境多样、注重实践等特点,使资源建设存在一定的难度。分析工作任务的关联逻辑,借助工作流技术对工作流程建模,划分最小粒度的原子任务,并通过分析原子任务工作过程知识的要素组织逻辑,设计资源的框架结构,为职业教育"微"资源建设提供了更具操作性的方法。 相似文献
110.
The pedicel, nest paper, and larval silk ofPolistes annularis nests were analyzed by high-resolution solid-state [13C]NMR. The pedicel was found to have a high nitrogen content (11%), and the NMR spectra indicated that it is a mixture of carbohydrate and protein. The pedicel protein has an amino acid composition that is very rich in glycine, alanine, serine, and proline (67% of identified residues), similar to that of some insect silks. Solid-state [13C]NMR indicated that the nest paper is composed predominantly of cellulose. Silk, spun by matureP. annularis larvae, was shown by [13C] NMR and amino acid analysis to be a protein very high in serine and alanine (53%), but the amino acid composition is distinct from that of the pedicel protein. 相似文献