Energietransport über weite Strecken

If the regenerative energy that can be produced in a country is not sufficient for the successful implementation of the energy transition, one possible solution could be the purchase of regeneratively produced electricity from countries particularly favored by meteorology. This article examines five different technologies for energy transport. The electricity is generated once in a photovoltaic system and once in a wind turbine park. The investments in the transmission technologies sometimes exceed the investments in the power generation technologies many times over. According to the available results, without considering storage, the wind turbine system, although it is specifically more expensive than the photovoltaic system, always leads to lower electricity generation costs after the energy transport. The reason is the higher number of full load hours of the wind turbine.     

基于自适应高增益观测器的永磁同步电机预测电流控制方法

针对永磁同步电机(permanentmagnetsynchronous motor,PMSM)预测控制系统的模型失配、时变矩阵及观测器增益选择问题,提出基于自适应高增益观测器的预测电流控制方法(predictive current control based on an adaptive high-gain observer,AHGOPCC)。通过构建PMSM的前馈型扩张数学模型,集成考虑电机电阻、电感、磁链参数扰动项。提出基于前馈型扩张标称数学模型的高增益观测器,有效跟踪和估计电流与扰动状态及抑制转速变化引起的扰动。同时,设计自适应观测器增益矩阵满足全速工况的高增益条件,简化观测器的增益选择。在此基础上,构建离散化电流模型和成本函数,实现预测电流控制算法。实验结果证明了该方法的有效性,在多种工况下具备更优的快速性、鲁棒性及稳定性。     

电枢磁动势谐波对转子涡流损耗的影响分析

永磁电机多采用变频器供电,变频器输出的电流中除包含基波电流外还存在谐波电流,由其产生的电枢磁动势空间谐波会在转子中产生涡流损耗。基于对各次电枢磁动势空间谐波幅值及其相对于转子交变频率的详细分析,提出涡流损耗强度的概念,用于评估不同的电枢磁动势空间谐波对转子涡流损耗的影响程度。对采用整数槽和分数槽绕组的永磁电机转子涡流损耗做了解析对比和有限元分析,证明了利用涡流损耗强度评估电枢磁动势谐波对转子涡流损耗影响的有效性。     

焊接烟尘的危害及治理技术(二)

焊接烟尘弥散悬浮在车间，直接影响人体健康，采用分层送风方式可有效改善这一点。分析比较了分层送风相对于混合通风的优点，并介绍了以分层送风技术为主、治理整体厂房焊接烟尘的具体情况。     

Flute breakage detection during end milling using Hilbert–Huang transform and smoothed nonlinear energy operator

Real time tool condition monitoring has great significance in modern manufacturing processes. In order to prevent possible damages to the workpiece or the machine tool, reliable monitoring techniques are required to provide fast response to the unexpected tool failure. Milling is one of the most fundamental machining operations. During the milling process, the current of feed motor is weakly related to the cutter condition, the change of power consumption is not significant to identify tool condition. Thus, current of motor-based tool condition still requires some new approaches to sort out significant pattern that could be employed to indicate tool condition. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to detect end mill flute breakage via the feed-motor current signals, which implements Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) analysis and a smoothed nonlinear energy operator (SNEO) to extract the crucial characteristics from the measured signals to indicate tool breakage. Experiments on a CNC Vertical Machining Centre are presented to show the algorithm performance. The results show that this method is feasible and can accurately and efficiently monitor the conditions of the end mill under varying cutting conditions.     

Effects of current waveform parameters during droplet transfer on spatter in high speed waveform controlled Short-circuiting GMAW

Aim at improving the stability of the Short-circuiting Gas Metal Arc Welding （GMAW-S） process for the enhanced speed usage, effects of current waveform parameters during short-term on the welding stability have been investigated by experimental method. The welding power source used for the research is an inverter with a special current waveform control. It is shown that the spatter decreases at first then increases with each increase of the low current period, current increase rate and the maximum current limit. The test results are provided for welding of 1 mm and 3 mm mild steel at speed of 1.2 m/min. The stable GMA W-S process under high speed welding condition has been achieved by optimizing the parameters.     

脉冲换向电刷镀镍基纳米SiO2复合镀层的耐腐蚀性能研究

采用脉冲换向电刷镀方法制备了Ni/n-SiO2复合镀层,应用SEM对镀层表面形貌进行了分析,测试了镀层的孔隙率,以及镀层在海水浸泡条件下的耐腐蚀性能,讨论了镀层的耐腐蚀机理.实验结果表明:与直流工艺条件下的电刷镀镀层相比,脉冲换向电刷镀工艺得到的Ni/n-SiO2复合镀层具有致密精细的表面、较小的孔隙率和较高的耐腐蚀性能.     

微小电偶腐蚀电流的准确测定

为了更多地获得电偶腐蚀的信息并揭示其本质规律，提出了电偶腐蚀试验实时监测模型。通过选用不同设备对试样的电偶腐蚀微小电流的测量，结果发现：选用现成设备测量试样的电偶腐蚀微小电流时，测量电流波动非常大，噪声明显超过实际信号输入——电偶腐蚀电流。经自行开发研制的MCD01电偶腐蚀计可以准确的测量腐蚀电流，特别是微小电偶腐蚀电流。     

脉冲涡流和电磁声换能器双探头无损检测

在许多情况下，只应用一种NDT技术存在不足，这就迫使NDT操作人员使用一种以上的技术以保证检测出危害被检物使用寿命或功能的缺陷。但分别实施多种技术的检测，就会延长检验时间。介绍了一种新的NDT设施，采用两种不同的非接触无损检测技术进行互补，即电磁声换能器（EMAT）和脉冲涡流（PEC）探头。检测结果表明，脉冲涡流和电磁声换能器因是非接触，所以可应用于材料生产过程中的自动在线检验，也可用于在役检验。     

低频脉冲电流退火对CoFeSiB非晶薄带巨磁阻抗效应的影响

研究了经不同低频脉冲电流密度退火的Co66.3Fe3．7Si12B18非晶薄带的巨磁阻抗（GMI）效应。结果表明，在低频脉冲电流下，巨磁阻抗效应的大小与退火电流密度密切相关。非晶带的GMI变化率△Z／Z先随退火电流密度的增加而增强，当电流密度为104A／mm^2时，△Z／Z达到最大值53．8％，此后随电流密度增大，GMI变化率开始减小。对脉冲电流退火影响巨磁阻抗效应的机制作了定性分析。并分析了由脉冲电流退火在材料内感生的横向各向异性场凤对GMI效应的影响，发现HK有利于提高GMI效应的峰值，但同时存在一个临界值，当超过这个值时，GMI效应的峰值减弱。