石灰石煅烧过程中孔隙网络结构的动态可视化数值模拟

文中运用Monte-Carlo（MC）方法,结合石灰石分解时孔隙的形成机理、石灰石分解动力学数学模型和烧结机理,首次采用一种新网格的划分方法,对石灰石煅烧和烧结过程中产物孔隙微观网络的生成及变化进行了模拟,实现了其孔隙网络结构的直观可视化.可视化结果表明：不同状态下的孔隙结构具有一定相似性.利用象素点覆盖法对结构图的分形特性进行分析,证实了文中所提出的模型的可行性.     

燃烧中吸附剂捕集铅的实验研究

使用一维炉实验台对氧化铝、氢氧化钙和高岭土三种吸附剂对铅的捕集进行了实验研究。铅以醋酸铅溶液的形式通过空气雾化引入到液化石油气燃烧区,吸附剂由压缩空气携带从1473K喷入炉内。按照美国EPA标准方法使用Andersen撞击器对颗粒物进行等动量采样,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）测量样品中铅的含量。研究结果表明：亚微米范围的铅未被吸附剂所捕集,仍以PbO或PbCl2颗粒存在,微米范围的铅是被吸附剂捕集形成。高岭土对铅的捕集明显好于氧化铝和氢氧化钙,这是由于高岭土产生的活性位Al2O3•2Si2O与PbO蒸气分子间有较强的化学吸附反应。高岭土给料量为10g/h时大部分铅分布在亚微米范围,给料量为20g/h时铅呈双峰分布,给料量为60g/h时大部分铅被捕集转移到微米范围。氯元素对高岭土捕集铅有很强的抑制作用,这种抑制很可能是因为活性位Al2O3•2Si2O与PbCl2的反应性要大大低于Al2O3•2Si2O与PbO的反应性。     

作为新型CO2吸收剂的乙酸钙循环碳酸化特性

钙基吸收剂的循环煅烧/碳酸化反应是煤燃烧或气化过程中捕获CO2的有效途径。该文采用乙酸溶液调质石灰石的产物乙酸钙作为CO2的新型吸收剂,以解决石灰石经过多次循环煅烧/碳酸化反应后吸收CO2能力急剧衰减的问题。在煅烧/碳酸化反应器上,研究碳酸化温度和煅烧温度对乙酸钙循环碳酸化转化率的影响。结果表明：碳酸化温度在650~700 ℃时乙酸钙能获得很高的碳酸化转化率,经20次循环后转化率仍高达0.5,明显高于石灰石。在高浓度CO2气氛下,在较高的煅烧温度(920~1 050 ℃)时,乙酸钙仍能获得较高的碳酸化转化率。乙酸钙的抗烧结能力较石灰石更强。多次循环后乙酸钙煅烧后的比表面积和孔容均大于煅烧后的石灰石,且孔容分布和孔比表面积分布均优于煅烧后的石灰石。     

Encapsulation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol with tetraethyl orthosilicate for CO2 capture

Carbon capture is widely recognised as an essential strategy to meet global goals for climate protection. Although various CO₂ capture technologies including absorption, adsorption and membrane exist, they are not yet mature for post-combustion power plants mainly due to high energy penalty. Hence researchers are concentrating on developing non-aqueous solvents like ionic liquids, CO₂-binding organic liquids, nanoparticle hybrid materials and microencapsulated sorbents to minimize the energy consumption for carbon capture. This research aims to develop a novel and efficient approach by encapsulating sorbents to capture CO₂ in a cold environment. The conventional emulsion technique was selected for the microcapsule formulation by using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) as the core sorbent and silicon dioxide as the shell. This paper reports the findings on the formulated microcapsules including key formulation parameters, microstructure, size distribution and thermal cycling stability. Furthermore, the effects of microcapsule quality and absorption temperature on the CO₂ loading capacity of the microcapsules were investigated using a self-developed pressure decay method. The preliminary results have shown that the AMP microcapsules are promising to replace conventional sorbents.     

钙基吸收剂脱硫反应特性的研究

本文对两种钙基吸收剂－ＣａＯ和Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的脱硫反应机理进行了试验研究。对两者的反应活性进行了比较，并就一些因素对脱硫活性和影响作了研究，所得结论对脱硫反应的优化，脱硫剂的选择及干法ＦＧＤ装置的开发和研制有参考意义。     

Structure of Na Species in Promoted CaO-Based Sorbents and Their Effect on the Rate and Extent of the CO2 Uptake

To advance CaO-based CO₂ sorbents it is crucial to understand how their structural parameters control the cyclic CO₂ uptake. Here, CaO-based sorbents with varying ratios of Na₂CO₃:CaCO₃ are synthesized via mechanochemical activation of a mixture of Na₂CO₃ and CaCO₃ to investigate the effect of sodium species on the structure, morphology, carbonation rate and cyclic CO₂ uptake of the CO₂ sorbents. The addition of Na₂CO₃ in the range of 0.1–0.2 mol% improves the CO₂ uptake by up to 80% after 10 cycles when compared to ball-milled bare CaCO₃, while for Na₂CO₃ loadings >0.3 mol% the cyclic CO₂ uptake decreases by more than 40%. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and ²³Na MAS NMR, reveal that in sorbents with Na₂CO₃ contents <0.3 mol% Na exists in highly distributed, noncrystalline [Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂] units. These species stabilize the surface area of the sorbent in pores of diameters >100 nm, and enhance the diffusion of CO₂ through CaCO₃. For Na₂CO₃ contents >0.3 mol%, the accelerated deactivation of the sorbents via sintering is related to the formation of crystalline Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂ and the high mobility of Na.     

Intensification of ore concentration and sorption extraction of metals from technogenic raw material

A review of the research data on energy effect produced on the processing behavior of minerals and ores is presented. It is experimentally found that treatment of ores by accelerated electrons fosters the ore weakening and the selectivity of dissociation. Thermal modification of natural sorbents and ultrasonic effect application allow reaching the tenfold increase in sorption and kinetics of the mass-exchange processes and sorption technologies. __________ Translated from Fiziko-Tekhnicheskie Problemy Razrabotki Poleznykh Iskopaemykh, No. 3, pp. 129–139, May–June, 2007.     

The adsorption of PAHs, BTEX, and heavy metals on surfactant-modified desulfurization sorbents in a dry scrubber

The injection of dry Ca-based sorbents for removing acid gases had been investigated previously. However, the utilization of Ca-based sorbents for adsorbing other air pollutants was rarely examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of organic compounds polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and heavy metals by using the desulfurization sorbents in a dry scrubber integrated with a fabric filter. Four surfactants, calcium lignosulfonate, sodium lignosulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sodium sulfonate and β-naphthalene sodium sulfonate condensates, were used as additives to modify the surface characteristics of desulfurization sorbent calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). Modifying the desulfurization sorbents with surfactants showed different effects on removal of PAHs, BTEX, and heavy metals, and exploited the potential of Ca-based sorbents for adsorbing air pollutants other than SO₂.     

A Nanoselenium Sponge for Instantaneous Mercury Removal to Undetectable Levels

Selective removal of aqueous mercury to levels below 10 ng L^?1 or part per trillion remains an elusive goal for public health and environmental agencies. Here, it is shown that a low‐cost nanocomposite sponge prepared by growing selenium (Se) nanomaterials on the surface and throughout the bulk of a polyurethane sponge exhibits a record breaking‐mercury ion (Hg²⁺) removal rate, regardless of the pH. The exposure of aqueous solutions containing 10 mg L^?1–12 ng L^?1 Hg²⁺ to the sponge for a few seconds results in clean water with undetectable mercury levels (detection limit: 0.2 ng L^?1). Such performance is far below the acceptable limits in drinking water (2 µg L^?1), industrial effluents (0.2 µg L^?1), and the most stringent surface water quality standards (1.3 ng L^?1). The sponge shows a unique preference for Hg, does not retain water nutrients, and can significantly reduce the concentration of other heavy metal pollutants. Furthermore, the sponge shows no cytotoxic effect on human cells while exhibiting strong antimicrobial properties. The high affinity of Hg for Se results in irreversible sequestration and detoxification of mercury by the sponge, confirming the suitability for landfill disposal.     

Removal of sulfide ions from aqueous solutions using carbon- and silicon-containing sorbents

Sulfide ions are among the most common pollutants in natural waters. Sulfide sorption methods are widely used in the waste water treatment practice. The most promising sorbents for removing sulfide ions are porous carbon materials. In the present study we researched sorption capacity of the carbon- and silicon-containing samples of rice and buckwheat processing wastes, as well as the activated carbon, carbon fiber, chitosan and natural silicates toward the sulfide ions in aqueous solutions. It was found that the most effective sorbent from the studied ones is the carbon fiber Aktilen B (99%) and from plant wastes – carbonaceous sorbents obtained from rice straw (77–98%) and buckwheat (94%). We studied the physico-chemical and structural properties of the carbonaceous sorbent based on rice straw and it was found that this sample is amorphous and has a predominant microporous structure. At the concentration of sulfide ions ranging from 140 to 800?µg?l^?1, the studied sorbent reduces the amount of sulfide ions to 0.4–1.4 of the maximum permissible concentration and can be used for treating natural and post-treating waste waters.