Safety to human skin of cocamidopropyl betaine: A mild surfactant for personal-care products

Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a mild surfactant used in shampoos, conditioners, body washes, and other personal-care products. Several recently published case reports have suggested that CAPB may be a skin sensitizer. A 6-wk product-use study was conducted to determine whether subjects with previous positive patch tests to CAPB could use personal-care products (prototype hair shampoo, liquid handsoap, and body wash) with this surfactant without problems. Post-study patch testing suggested that amidoamine, a material used in the synthesis of CAPB and a contaminant of CAPB preparations, is a likely sensitizer. However, patch testing did not rule out the possibility that CAPB itself may be an allergen to a small number of presensitized individuals. It is recommended that CAPB with minimal levels of contamination be used for the formulation of personal-care products. Presented at INFORM '97 Session, 1997 American Oil Chemists' Society Annual Meeting & Expo, Seattle, Washington, May 12, 1997. Institution where work was done.     

Modulation of drought adversities in Vicia faba by the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar

Drought is the greatest threat to world food security, seen as the catalyst for the great famines of the past. Given that the world's water supply is limited, it is likely that future demand of food for increasing population will further exacerbate the drought effects. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Sphingobacterium pakistanensis (NCCP246) and Cellulomonas pakistanensis (NCCP11) on agronomic and physiological attributes of Vicia faba two varieties Desi (V1) and Pulista (V2) under induced drought stress. The seeds were sown in earthen pots filled with 3 kg sand and soil (1:2), and biochar (0 and 5% w/w) in triplicate arranged in complete randomized design. Analysis of biochar possessed 0.49 g cm⁻³ bulk density, 9.6 pH; 5.4 cmol kg⁻¹ cation exchange capacity, 3.64% organic carbon and EC 6.7 ds/m. Agronomic attributes including seed LAI, LAR, SVI, %PHSI and RWC were improved by 30.4–180.4%, 14.37–47.20%, 37.64–50.91%, 18.21–30.80, and 35.82–54.34% in both varieties by the co-application of biochar and PGPR. Stomatal physiology and epidermal vigor was successfully improved by the application of PGPR and biochar as analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, phenols, proline and glycine betaine were amplified by 58.33–173.8%, 50.59–130.33%, 46.58–86.62%, 46.66–109.30%, 35.74–56.10%, and 21.96–77.22% in both varieties by the co-application of biochar and PGPR. So, the present work concluded that, combined application of biochar and PGPR could be an effective strategy to alleviate the adversities of drought in V. faba growing in drastic ecosystems.     

Thirty‐three years of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline,a principal basmati aroma compound in scented rice (Oryza sativa L.): a status review

Rice is the staple food of around 3 billion people, most of them in Asia which accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Aromatic rices have been preferred over non‐aromatic rice for hundreds of years. They have a premium value in national as well as international market owing to their unique aroma and quality. Many researchers were involved in identifying the compound responsible for the pleasant aroma in aromatic rice in the 20th century. However, due to its unstable nature, 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) was discovered very late, in 1982. Buttery and co‐workers found 2AP to be the principal compound imparting the pleasant aroma to basmati and other scented rice varieties. Since then, 2AP has been identified in all fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and a wide range of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and various food products. The present article reviews in detail biochemical and genetic aspects of 2AP in living systems. The site of synthesis, site of storage and stability in plant systems in vivo is of interest. This compound requires more research on stability to facilitate use as a food additive. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

聚表二元驱采出液流变性研究

用长庆油田北三区原油、油田采出水、聚丙烯酰胺、甜菜碱表面活性剂配制了聚表二元驱采出液。采出液含水率为10%~90%,高浓度采出液含1000 mg/L聚合物、1667 mg/L表面活性剂,低浓度采出液含400 mg/L聚合物、600 mg/L表面活性剂。考察了含水率、聚合物浓度、表面活性剂浓度、剪切速率、温度等因素对聚表二元驱采出液流变性的影响。结果表明,10%~20%含水率高浓度采出液的乳状液类型为W/O型、25%以上含水率的采出液为O/W型,转相点在含水率20%~25%之间,而低浓度采出液的转相点在含水率25%~30%之间。温度升高,采出液黏度降低。当含水率较低时,随着聚合物表面活性剂浓度的降低,相同温度下的采出液（W/O型）黏度保持不变;当含水率较高时,随着含水率的增大和聚合物表面活性剂浓度的降低,相同温度下的采出液（O/W型）黏度逐渐降低。无论采出液为W/O型或O/W型,温度在反常点以下时,随着剪切速率的增大,采出液黏度降低,表现出剪切稀释性。     

甜菜糖蜜发酵废液中提取甜菜碱新工艺研究

研究了采用三段离子交换法从甜菜糖蜜发酵废液中提取甜菜碱的工艺条件和影响因素。三段交换分别使用D31 4、D0 0 1及 0 0 1× 7等苯乙烯型离子交换树脂。第一段交换使脱色、脱盐和除杂同时进行 ,免除了活性炭脱色过程。确定了第二段脱盐交换以pH =3为终点 ,使甜菜碱与金属离子彻底分离。第三段为吸附纯化甜菜碱 ,使用 c(HCl) =1 4mol/L为洗脱剂 ,直接制取了盐酸甜菜碱 ,并使洗脱与树脂再生同时进行 ,简化了工艺操作。所得产品纯度达 98%以上 ,收率(对甜菜 )达 90 %以上。     

高效液相色谱法测定黄瓜幼苗叶片的甘氨酸甜菜碱含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定了黄瓜幼叶中甜菜碱(GB)的含量。实验采用ODSC18柱(5μm,Φ4.5mm×250mm),以50mmol/LKH2PO4为流动相,UV检测波长为200nm,方法回收率和相对标准偏差分别为79.4%和1.2%。     

Polysialic acid and pluronic F127 mixed polymeric micelles of docetaxel as new approach for enhanced antitumor efficacy

In our previous study, polysialic acid-octadecyl dimethyl betaine (PSA-BS18) was synthesized and modified to liposomal EPI. Preliminary experiments revealed that the PSA-BS18 was a potential material for targeting tumor site with superior curative effects. In this study, PSA-BS18 and Pluronic F127 (F127) mixed polymeric micelles encapsulated docetaxel (DTX) (FP/DTX) were prepared by a self-assembly method. The FP/DTX was found to have a diameter of 34.83?±?0.50?nm with a narrow polydispersity, the entrapment efficiency was 99.12?±?1.17%, and the drug loading efficiency of 1.40?±?0.01%. The storage and dilution stability of FP/DTX was fine. In vitro release studies demonstrated that FP/DTX had delayed the drug release from the micelles. In vitro cytotoxicity assay on B16 cells presented that FP/DTX led to a stronger cytotoxic activity in comparison to F127 micelles based DTX (F127/DTX) and Tween80-based DTX (Taxotere^®). The in vivo imaging study showed that the accumulation of FP/DTX at tumor sites was more than F127/DTX. The in vivo antitumor activity of FP/DTX against B16 tumor xenograft model showed a significant higher inhibition and a lower toxicity compared with F127/DTX and Taxotere^®. Taken together, the results obtained above showed that PSA-BS18 and F127 mixed polymeric micelles may be a promising strategy for antitumor delivery of DTX.