溶解无机碳在地下水中的应用

碳同位素广泛分布于自然界水体中,在降水、地表水、地下水相互转化过程中,同位素分馏作用导致不同水体中具有不同的同位素含量。本文就以位于不同碳酸盐地形的泉为例进行研究,确定区域所处的环境。     

27keV Ar~+离子溅射Cu和CuAu靶时Cu的同位素分馏研究

本文报道了27keV Ar~+离子分别轰击Cu元素靶和CuAu合金靶时溅射Cu原子的同位素(~(63)Cu和~(65)Cu)分馏测量结果,发现:(1)对Cu元素靶,同位素分馏δ_f(~(63)Cu,~(65)Cu)=(62±27)‰,而对Cu-Au合金靶,δ_f=(5.9±1.6)‰;(2)δ_f(~(63)Cu,~(65)Cu)随发射角θ的变化对两者靶而言趋势是相似的,但在CuAu合金靶情况下,当θ≤40°时,δ_f((63)Cu,~(65)Cu)为负值。     

Activated sludge model (ASM) based modelling of membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes: A critical review with special regard to MBR specificities

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decade. The efforts for modelling of such wastewater treatment systems have always targeted either the biological processes (treatment quality target) as well as the various aspects of engineering (cost effective design and operation). The development of Activated Sludge Models (ASM) was an important evolution in the modelling of Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) processes and their use is now very well established. However, although they were initially developed to describe CAS processes, they have simply been transferred and applied to MBR processes. Recent studies on MBR biological processes have reported several crucial specificities: medium to very high sludge retention times, high mixed liquor concentration, accumulation of soluble microbial products (SMP) rejected by the membrane filtration step, and high aeration rates for scouring purposes. These aspects raise the question as to what extent the ASM framework is applicable to MBR processes. Several studies highlighting some of the aforementioned issues are scattered through the literature. Hence, through a concise and structured overview of the past developments and current state-of-the-art in biological modelling of MBR, this review explores ASM-based modelling applied to MBR processes. The work aims to synthesize previous studies and differentiates between unmodified and modified applications of ASM to MBR. Particular emphasis is placed on influent fractionation, biokinetics, and soluble microbial products (SMPs)/exo-polymeric substances (EPS) modelling, and suggestions are put forward as to good modelling practice with regard to MBR modelling both for end-users and academia. A last section highlights shortcomings and future needs for improved biological modelling of MBR processes.     

FCC汽油加氢脱硫/降烯烃工艺技术的研究

在分析催化裂化汽油硫和烯烃分布不均匀的基础上,对催化裂化汽油进行分馏,开发出了活性高和稳定性好的重馏分辛烷值改进催化剂和选择性加氢脱硫催化剂及其工艺技术。采用该工艺技术对RFCC汽油进行轻馏分碱洗抽提脱硫醇,重馏分辛烷值改进/选择性加氢脱硫等改质处理,再按分馏比例回调,产品汽油烯烃含量为24.2v%,较原料油降低了16.0v%,芳烃含量为19.2v%,较原料油提高了4.1v%,硫含量为41.5ppm,总脱硫率为85.46%,RON为87.8,较原料油提高0.4个单位,液收99.1%,可生产符合国Ⅳ规范的清洁汽油。     

Effect of wall velocities on the determination of optimal separation times in electrical field flow fractionation (EFFF)

Electrical field flow fractionation (EFFF) has two perpendicular driving forces that help to produce an optimal separation of solute in a mixture [Giddings, Science 1993; 260:1456–1465]. For Couette flow based devices, the ratio of the velocity of the capillary walls offers an extra parameter that can be exploited to enhance the efficiency of EFFF applications. The analysis of the effects of this parameter on optimal times of separation is the subject matter of this contribution. The use of this additional parameter increases flexibility in the design of new devices for the improvement of the separation of solutes, such as proteins, DNA, and pharmaceuticals, as it will be illustrated with the results of this analysis (Jaroszeski et al., 2000 ; Trinh et al., 1999 ). The analysis has been illustrated by selecting parameter values that represent a number of potential useful applications. A set of five parameters (i.e., z, the valence; µ, electrophoretic mobility; Pe, Peclet number; Ω, the orthogonal applied electrical field; and R, the ratio of channel wall velocities) has been combined to obtain the best operating conditions for optimal separation of solutes. Results indicate that R, the ratio of the channel wall velocities, is actually the most important driving parameter.     

Size charge fractionation of metals in municipal solid waste landfill leachate

Municipal solid waste landfill leachates from 9 Norwegian sites were size charge fractionated in the field, to obtain three fractions: particulate and colloidal matter >0.45microm, free anions/non-labile complexes <0.45microm and free cations/labile complexes <0.45microm. The fractionation showed that Cd and Zn, and especially Cu and Pb, were present to a large degree (63-98%) as particulate and colloidal matter >0.45microm. Cr, Co and Ni were on the contrary present mostly as non-labile complexes (69-79%) <0.45microm. The major cations Ca, Mg, K, and Mn were present mainly as free cations/labile complexes <0.45microm, while As and Mo were present to a large degree (70-90%) as free anions/non-labile complexes <0.45microm. Aluminium was present mainly as particulate and colloidal matter >0.45microm. The particulate and colloidal matter >0.45microm was mainly inorganic; indicating that the metals present in this fraction were bound as inorganic compounds. The fractionation gives important information on the mobility and potential bioavailability of the metals investigated, in contrast to the total metal concentrations usually reported. To study possible changes in respective metal species in leachate in aerated sedimentation tanks, freshly sampled leachate was stored for 48h, and subsequently fractionated. This showed that the free heavy metals are partly immobilized during storage of leachate with oxygen available. The largest effects were found for Cd and Zn. The proportion of As and Cr present as particulate matter or colloids >0.45microm also increased.     

蒸馏在脂肪酸工业中的应用

简介了蒸馏的若干方法及简要原理，对其在天然脂肪酸工业中的有关应用作了评述，并结合脂肪酸的特性，着重探讨了精馏工艺的应用和发展前景。     

大豆肌醇磷脂制备优化条件的研究

利用乙醇-正己烷双溶剂体系对大豆磷脂中肌醇磷脂进行分离。对分离条件进行了优化研究,在乙醇浓度为55%、无水乙酸钠的量为0.05g,正己烷用量为20mL,乙醇用量为30mL,10.00g大豆混合磷脂中肌醇磷脂的含量可以从26.00%提高到73.89%。并对双溶剂体系的分离度进行测定,在此条件下,分离度可达18.1。     

Application of proteomics to understand the molecular mechanisms behind meat quality

The proteome is expressed from the genome, influenced by environmental and processing conditions, and can be seen as the molecular link between the genome and the functional quality characteristics of the meat. In contrast to traditional biochemical methods where one protein is studied at a time, several hundred proteins can be studied simultaneously. Proteomics is a promising and powerful tool in meat science and this is reflected by the increasing number of studies emerging in the literature using proteomics as the key tool to unleash the molecular mechanisms behind different genetic backgrounds or processing techniques of meat. Thus understanding the variations and different components of the proteome with regard to a certain meat quality or process parameter will lead to knowledge that can be used in optimising the conversion of muscles to meat. At present, there has been focus on development of techniques and mapping of proteomes according to genotypes and muscle types. In the future, focus should be more towards understanding and finding markers for meat quality traits. This review will focus on the methods used in the published proteome analyses of meat, with emphasis on the challenges related to statistical analysis of proteome data, and on the different topics of meat science that are investigated.     

超临界CO2萃馏浓缩天然VE的国内外研究现状(1980～2002)

详细介绍了1980～2002年期间超临界CO2萃馏浓缩天然VE的相平衡基础研究概况以及萃馏工艺研究现状,指出了这一应用领域目前所存在的问题是缺乏VE相平衡热力学及萃取动力学方面的实测数据.其解决办法是加大前处理工艺的研究以及VE在超临界CO2中的相行为,以期为研究这一领域的科技工作者提供有价值的参考.