Optimization of Selenium-Enriched Mycelium of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler as a Food Supplement

Our goal was to optimize the growth conditions of submerged mycelial cultures of Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) in order to obtain a new dietary supplement enriched in selenium We designed a process technology in which mycelial cultures were cultivated in media composed of beet molasses, 10%; liquid stillage, 5%; corn steep liquor, 0.15%; and KH₂PO₄, 0.3%, enriched with selenium in concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 μg/mL by the addition of sodium selenite of selenic acid. Se concentrations in mycelial dry mass rose from 0.001 mg/g (mycelia cultivated in media containing no selenium) to 50 mg/g (mycelia cultivated in medium containing 100 μg Se/mL). The highest mycelial specific growth rate (0.46/day) was recorded when the concentration of selenium in the medium was lower than 20 μg/mL. In vitro, estimated Se bioavailabilities from selenized mycelium strongly depended on its preparation in a proper manner and were 60% and 82% for dried mycelium and mycelial lyophilizate, respectively. Our results suggest that these optimized culture conditions could be applied to obtain a new Se-enriched dietary supplement.     

新型α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂1-脱氧野尻霉素-羟基查耳酮杂合体在大鼠体内的吸收与代谢

本实验研究了新型、高效α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂1-脱氧野尻霉素-羟基查耳酮杂合体（DC-5）在大鼠体内的吸收与代谢。超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间串联质谱（ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）检测结果表明,DC-5灌胃后大鼠血液中出现了加氢还原、甲基化、磺酸化及葡萄糖醛酸化4 种代谢产物;灌胃后0.5 h,大鼠血液、心、肝、肺、胃、小肠中的DC-5含量达到峰值,而脾和肾中则在灌胃后1 h达到最高值;大鼠血液中DC-5的峰值质量浓度为162.76 ng/mL,半衰期（half-life in the terminal phase,T1/2）为30.66 h,平均驻留时间（mean residence time,MRT）为11.41 h;粪便是DC-5的主要排泄途径,24 h内排泄量为灌胃量的2.26%,显著高于24 h内尿液中的排泄量（0.015 6%）;药代动力学分析结果表明,DC-5在大鼠体内的生物利用度为1.47%。     

Antibacterial Activity of Copper Nanoparticles against Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Tomato Plants

Copper-based bactericides have appeared as a new tool in crop protection and offer an effective solution to combat bacterial resistance. In this work, two copper nanoparticle products that were previously synthesized and evaluated against major bacterial and fungal pathogens were tested on their ability to control the bacterial spot disease of tomato. Growth of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, the causal agent of the disease, was significantly suppressed by both nanoparticles, which had superior function compared to conventional commercial formulations of copper. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry measurements in tomato leaves revealed that bioavailability of copper is superior in the case of nanoparticles compared to conventional formulations and is dependent on synthesis rather than size. This is the first report correlating bioavailability of copper to nanoparticle efficacy.     

1-脱氧野尻霉素控释微丸的制备工艺优化及其药动学研究

1-脱氧野尻霉素控释微丸采用挤出滚圆和流化床方法进行制备。首先使用羟丙基甲基纤维素和微晶纤维素等辅料制备分散体、丸芯,再使用羟丙基甲基纳米纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯作为主要包衣材料进行包衣,并装入胶囊。采用SEM观察微丸的微观形态,以及测定其产率、脆碎度、密度、水分含量和粒径分布等物理性质,研究结果显示微丸性质符合中国药典标准规定。在体外释药试验中,溶出介质和放置方式对药物释放无显著影响,释放过程符合Baker-Lonsdale模型。对比研究1-脱氧野尻霉素原料药、分散体微丸和控释微丸在比格犬体内的控释特性,结果表明：与1-脱氧野尻霉素原料药相比,分散体微丸和控释微丸分别使1-脱氧野尻霉素的生物利用度提高了183.37%和243.87%。此外,1-脱氧野尻霉素控释微丸的体内-体外研究的相关性分析可知体外溶出和体内吸收之间呈现良好的线性关系。     

污泥堆肥化对重金属生物可利用性的影响

通过重金属形态分析及在模拟雨水、酸雨淋溶条件下重金属迁移实验和理论分析，研究了堆肥化处理对污泥中重金属生物可利用性的影响。结果表明：堆肥化处理使重金属的不稳定形态含量降低，原污泥在酸雨淋溶下重金属已经迁移到约16厘米深的土柱中，而经过处理后的污泥淋出液中的重金属含量很低，仅有少量污泥中含量较高的元素向土柱深层迁移。迁移量及深度明显低于未处理的原污泥。实验及理论分析均证明了堆肥化处理可以降低污泥中重金属在土壤中的迁移性，使重金属的生物可利用性降低。     

多酚-膳食纤维相互作用及其影响多酚生物利用率研究进展

多酚广泛存在于植物源食品中,具有潜在的促进人体健康作用。天然多酚绝大多数以结合态存在,并且多酚与膳食纤维结合的比例要显著高于其他基质。多酚和膳食纤维的相互作用在食品加工和机体消化等环节会受到不同因素的影响,从而发生复杂的变化。近年来,多酚-膳食纤维相互作用对多酚生物利用率的影响已经受到了越来越多的关注。本文首先分析了多酚与膳食纤维的不同结合方式,随后总结了影响多酚与膳食纤维相互作用的主要因素,最后探讨了两者相互作用对于多酚生物利用率的影响,可为改善多酚食品的营养健康品质以及提高多酚的生物利用率提供一定的理论参考。     

Consolidation Behavior of an Experimental,Cross-Linked Polyalkyl Ammonium Polymer

The effect of various factors (i.e., particle size, lubricant, moisture, and excipients) on the tableting properties of DMP 504 powder, an experimental, cross-linked polyalkyl ammonium polymer, was studied using an instrumented single-punch tablet press. The results indicate that plastic deformation is the primary consolidation mechanism for DMP 504. Lubrication of DMP 504 with magnesium stearate resulted in negative interaction in compactibility. The increase in tablet hardness with increase in water content of DMP 504 (up to 2.5%) could be attributed to the lubricating effect of water. Increasing the water content above the optimum moisture range (i.e., 2.5% to 4.0%) caused a drastic reduction in tablet crushing strength due to the hydrodynamic resistance. A mixture of DMP 504 with microcrystalline cellulose or starch led to a positive interaction with respect to compactibility. A deviation in tablet strength from the linear interpolated value did not correspond to a deviation in tablet thickness. The improved compactibility for the mixture of DMP 504 and microcrystalline cellulose or starch is not related directly to the facilitated densification.     

Addition of milk to tea infusions: Helpful or harmful? Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on antioxidant properties

Tea consumption is practised as a tradition, and has shown potential to improve human health. Maximal uptake of tea antioxidants and milk proteins without a negative impact on tea flavor is highly desired by consumers. There is a conflicting evidence of the effect of milk addition to tea on antioxidant activity. Differences in the type of tea, the composition, type and amount of milk, preparation method of tea–milk infusions, the assays used to measure antioxidant activity, and sampling size likely account for different findings. Interactions between tea polyphenols and milk proteins, especially between catechins and caseins, could account for a decrease in antioxidant activity, although other mechanisms are also possible, given the similar effects between soy and bovine milk. The role of milk fat globules and the milk fat globule membrane surface is also important when considering interactions and loss of polyphenolic antioxidant activity, which has not been addressed in the literature.     

“Whole Chinese angelica” microemulsion: its preparation and in vivo and in vitro evaluations

Context: The difference between the chemical polarities of the two categories of active chemical constituents in Chinese angelica volatile oil (CAVO) and Chinese angelica water extract (CAWE) greatly limit the development and clinical application of Chinese angelica preparation.

Object: The aim of this study is to design and prepare a “whole Chinese angelica” microemulsion (WCAM) that contains both CAVO and CAWE and at the same time to evaluate it in vivo and in vitro.

Materials and methods: CAVO and CAWE extracted from Chinese angelica were used as the oil and aqueous phases, respectively, to prepare the WCAM; its physicochemical property was observed, and its drug potency and oral bioavailability were evaluated.

Results: The formula of the WCAM was optimized as Tween-80:ethanol:CAVO:CAWE?=?3:3:1:40. The droplet size of the WCAM was 72.64?nm and the WCAM was proved to be physicochemically stable when it was kept at 0?°C, 4?°C, 25?°C and 40?°C for 3 months. The WCAM could markedly prolong blood clotting time, decrease whole blood viscosity and whole blood reduced viscosity at different shear rates, and improve hemorheological parameters. The results of the pharmacokinetic evaluation show that the AUC_0–7 of the WCAM was 4510.66 and was about 4.41-fold compared to that of danggui concentrated pills (an existing Chinese angelica pharmaceutical preparation).

Conclusion: It can be concluded, that the WCAM is a promising Chinese angelica preparation that has great prospects in the treatment of dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation.