生物炭负载零价铁复合材料对土壤中石油污染物的去除作用

选用宁夏宁东羊场湾(YCW)煤作为研究用煤,结合超声辅助萃取技术,考察了3种芳烃类有机溶剂(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)对2种煤岩显微组分(镜质组和惰质组)萃取结果的影响。结果表明：镜质组的萃取产率均高于惰质组。首先,通过傅里叶红外(FT-IR)研究发现,芳烃类溶剂可有效地分离出煤中的脂肪烃,且萃取产物中含有更多的长链脂肪烃结构。其次,萃取产物的气相色谱 质谱联用(GC-MS)结果显示,萃取产物主要由脂肪烃和酯类化合物组成,其中惰质组正构烷烃的相对分子质量大于镜质组,酯类化合物主要以邻苯二甲酸酯和邻苯二甲酸二酯的形式存在。最后,通过X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析发现,相比于惰质组,镜质组中含有更多的脂肪烃类物质,使其具有更高的萃取产率。由于二甲苯和甲苯萃取产物中惰质组的酯类化合物含量高于镜质组,推测惰质组中的碳氧双键主要以酯基的形式存在。     

生物炭及海藻肥对烟草生长、土壤性状及青枯病发生的影响

为研究不同用量生物炭及海藻肥对烟草生长及青枯病的影响,以烟草NC102为试验材料,在常年青枯病发生较严重的地块采用完全随机设计,在常规施肥基础上,设置处理CK（空白对照）、BC1（9000 kg/hm²生物炭）、BC2（15 000 kg/hm²生物炭）、BC3（22 500 kg/hm²生物炭）、SW（2250 kg/hm²海藻肥）、BC2+SW（15 000 kg/hm²生物炭+2250 kg/hm²海藻肥）。结果发现,海藻肥和生物炭单一或混合施用均能促进烟草生长,最大量生物炭的处理虽然抑制烤烟团棵期生长,但可以促进烤烟旺长期的生长。生物炭和海藻肥单一或混合施用均显著提高了土壤pH及部分土壤养分含量,降低了烟草青枯病发病率及病情指数,有利于提高烤烟产量和中上等烟比例,协调烟叶化学成分,提升烤后烟叶内在品质。利用Pearson相关系数分析了不同处理土壤理化性质与烟草青枯病病情指数之间的关系,结果发现,适当提高土壤酸碱度可作为酸性土壤主产区防控烟草青枯病、提高烤烟产质量的重要策略。     

Processed vs. Non-Processed Biowastes for Agriculture: Effects of Post-Harvest Tomato Plants and Biochar on Radish Growth,Chlorophyll Content and Protein Production

The aim of this work was to address the issue of processed vs. non-processed biowastes for agriculture, by comparing materials widely differing for the amount of process energy consumption. Thus, residual post harvest tomato plants (TP), the TP hydrolysates obtained at pH 13 and 60 °C, and two known biochar products obtained by 650 °C pyrolysis were prepared. All products were characterized and used in a cultivation of radish plants. The chemical composition and molecular nature of the materials was investigated by solid state ¹³C NMR spectrometry, elemental analysis and potentiometric titration. The plants were analysed for growth and content of chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble proteins. The results show that the TP and the alkaline hydrolysates contain lignin, hemicellulose, protein, peptide and/or amino acids moieties, and several mineral elements. The biochar samples contain also similar mineral elements, but the organic fraction is characterized mainly by fused aromatic rings. All materials had a positive effect on radish growth, mainly on the diameter of roots. The best performances in terms of plant growth were given by miscanthus originated biochar and TP. The most significant effect was the enhancement of soluble protein content in the plants treated with the lowest energy consumption non processed TP. The significance of these findings for agriculture and the environment is discussed.     

生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭对Pb^2+和Cd^2+的吸附

为探索利用生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭去除废水中Pb^2+和Cd^2+的可行性,以生物沥浸改性后污泥为原料制备生物炭,并测定了该材料的性能和吸附特性。通过单因素试验研究了pH值、生物炭投加量对吸附Pb^2+、Cd^2+性能的影响,并利用吸附动力学和热力学来揭示吸附机制。试验结果表明,经生物沥浸改性后污泥基生物炭的重金属含量降低;吸附Pb^2+和Cd^2+的最佳pH值分别为5、6,最佳生物炭投加量均为2 g/L;其对Pb^2+和Cd^2+的吸附均能较好地符合准二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温线模型,在25、35、45℃三种温度下对Pb^2+、Cd^2+的饱和吸附量分别为30.68、39.95、43.93 mg/g和19.82、28.58、32.29 mg/g,吸附过程均主要以物理吸附为主,且为吸热过程。     

A solid oxide carbon fuel cell operating on pomelo peel char with high power output

The pomelo peel char (PC) was prepared and used as fuel for solid oxide electrolyte direct carbon fuel cells with nickel‐yttrium stabilized zirconia anode, thin‐film YSZ electrolyte, and La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ cathode. The power densities of fuel cells operating on PC and catalyst‐loaded PC (PCC) fuels achieved 309 and 518 mW cm^?2 at 850°C, respectively, which are among the highest power densities reported in the literature on DCFCs. The PC exhibited superior gasification reactivity than coal char due to its unique reticulated foam carbon structure with a homogeneously distributed inherent catalyst. The stability tests at a current density of 50 mA cm^?2 and 825°C indicate that the cell using PC fuel operated in a more stable manner than that using PCC, and the fuel availabilities for PC and PCC were 47.25% and 34.71%, respectively. The results suggest that PC is a promising solid carbonaceous fuel for solid oxide electrolyte direct carbon fuel cells based on its adequate gasification reactivity and high compatibility with the fuel cells.     

Costs of biomass pyrolysis as a negative emission technology: A case study

Biomass pyrolysis is a promising method for the creation of biochar, a potentially long‐lived carbon sink, and renewable fuels. While a number of studies of the costs of pyrolysis exist, many fail to value the carbon storage benefit associated with biochar. Here, we evaluate the costs of three types of small‐scale pyrolysis systems (slow and fast, compared with gasification) in Costa Rica. We find that under many combinations of model parameters, fast and slow pyrolysis models are cost‐effective. Net present values are positive for slow pyrolysis at carbon prices above $7 t^?1, indicating that a low carbon price is required to make slow pyrolysis cost‐effective. Likewise, fast pyrolysis is cost‐effective at any positive carbon price. Gasification is generally more costly than fast or slow pyrolysis, and the net present value of the gasification system is only positive at electricity prices over $0.15 kWh^?1 or carbon prices over $150 t^?1. Thus, both fast and slow pyrolysis models are promising methods for atmospheric CO₂ reduction.     

铁负载生物炭对土壤中锑砷的稳定修复效果

我国锑矿区土壤锑与砷污染严重,化学稳定化是修复锑砷污染土壤的重要方法。以水稻秸秆为原材料,采用水热法制得比表面积高达33.11 m2/g的铁负载生物炭稳定材料,Fe3+的负载明显促进碳化过程,改善了生物炭的性能。铁负载生物炭对土壤中五价态锑、砷的稳定化效果明显高于三价态。水溶态As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定率分别为51.22%和58.33%,有效态As(Ⅴ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定率分别为53.67%和52.33%。修复后土壤中非专性吸附态和专性吸附态锑、砷向弱结晶和结晶型铁铝氧化物结合态转化,从而实现锑砷稳定。     

生物炭对土壤中释放的石油类污染物的吸附

为探究不同来源生物炭对土壤释放到水中石油烃的吸附性能,选取麦秆炭、椰壳炭、稻壳炭和棉秆炭作为吸附剂。通过批量吸附实验,分别考察反应时间、生物炭投加量、pH值和溶液初始浓度对生物炭吸附石油烃性能的影响,并进行动力学和等温吸附拟合。结果表明：4种生物炭均有较高的比表面积,麦秆炭最大,达到729.12 m2/g。当溶液pH值为5、溶液初始质量浓度125.64 mg/L、稻壳炭投加量40 mg、其他生物炭投加量20 mg、反应5 h时,生物炭对石油烃的吸附效果达到最佳状态。4种生物炭对石油烃的吸附能力大小依次为麦秆炭、椰壳炭、稻壳炭、棉秆炭。准二级动力学模型能更好地描述4种生物炭的动力学过程,结果表明生物炭对石油烃的吸附为表面吸附和内部扩散等多种方式;Freundlich模型能够更好地反映等温吸附过程,结果表明生物炭对石油烃为多分子层吸附。     

Experiment and computational fluid dynamics investigation of biochar elutriation in fluidized bed

In fluidized bed biomass fast pyrolysis, the biomass is converted to biochar and elutriated. The elutriation rate is a key parameter in reactor designs and operations. This research presents a video-based continuous measurement of biochar elutriation rate in a fluidized bed with sands and biomass as bed materials. The fluidized bed is simulated with the computational fluid dynamics—coarse-grained discrete element method (CFD-CGDEM) in MFiX. The fluidization behavior of nonspherical sands can be more accurately captured when a rolling friction model is used. The predicted elutriation rate is close to the experimental measurement when the particle size distributions are considered and the filtered drag with a shape correction is used. These results validated the accuracy of the MFiX-based CFD framework for the prediction of biochar elutriations in the fluidized bed biomass fast pyrolysis reactor.     

生物质炭改性微球去除化工废水中无机磷的性能研究

我国化工废水排放量巨大,其中含有的无机磷会导致淡水富营养化。选用来源广泛且环境友好的海藻酸钠为载体,微波一步热解活化法制得的高比表面积甘蔗渣生物炭为添加剂,氯化铁溶液为交联剂,通过溶胶凝胶法和包埋法制备了SA-Fe、SA-C-Fe和SA-C-Fe(C)三种吸附材料,并用其进行了无机磷的去除实验。研究发现三种材料的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型,其中SA-Fe和SA-C-Fe的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型,其对无机磷的最大吸附量分别为53.79 mg/g和78.75 mg/g;SA-C-Fe(C)对无机磷的吸附过程符合Langmuir-Freundlich等温吸附模型。SA-C-Fe材料吸附无机磷过程存在配体交换、静电吸引和表面沉积三种吸附机制,吸附容量最高;SA-C-Fe(C)微球经过碳化后,羟基官能团数量减少,配体交换作用减弱,且形成了铁氧化物沉积层,吸附容量最低。