Development of maize cob‐based biochar filter for water purification

The study aimed at biochar production from maize cob and its performance in improving water physiochemical attributes. Three feedstock masses (2, 2.5, 3 kg) were used for biochar production. Nine treatment combinations of T1L1, T1L2, T1L3, T2L1, T2L2, T2L3, T3L1, T3L2 and T3L3 in triplicate were used for biochar performance. Biochar yield of 50% was averagely achieved at slow pyrolysis conditions (300 to 600°C) and 120 min residence time. Biochar had 4.13% moisture content, 6.86% ash, 17.70% volatile matter, 71.28% fixed carbon, and a pH of 10.27. Odour, colour, and total hardness of the wastewater improved after filtration using biochar to acceptable levels for potable water use. Total hardness reduced by 51.9% in T2L2 and 44.4% in T3L2. Findings front maize cob biochar as a purification technology for domestic potable water use. There is need for maize cob biochar performance on heavy metals and when it is sandwiched with other materials.     

改性西瓜皮生物炭对废水中Pb2+的吸附研究

以西瓜皮为原料制备生物炭（WM）吸附水中的Zn²⁺,再将吸附后的生物炭进行二次热解,制得WM-Zn并用于吸附水中的Pb²⁺。研究表明,WM-Zn对Pb²⁺ 的吸附容量（163.84 mg/g）高于WM的吸附容量（87.64 mg/g）。利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、元素分析（EA）、X射线衍射（XRD）、吸附比表面测试法（BET）和Zeta电位对生物炭进行了表征,发现WM-Zn表面孔结构的扩大和官能团的增多均有助于Pb²⁺ 的去除,WM-Zn对Pb²⁺ 的吸附可归结为官能团络合、静电吸附、物理吸附和沉淀作用。此外,WM吸附Zn²⁺ 和WM-Zn吸附Pb²⁺ 均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程是以单分子层吸附为主的化学吸附。在吸附-解吸循环实验中,WM-Zn在第6次循环中吸附量可达到87.36 mg/g,表明WM-Zn吸附具有良好的可重复性。     

The economic impact of biochar use in Central Europe

Over the last two decades, it has been repeatedly stated that biochar might sequester gigatons of carbon from the atmosphere, reduce greenhouse gases, reverse soil degradation, etc. Most of the submitted environmental, societal, and ethical arguments originated in laboratories and were based on pot experiments, small-scale field trials, and mathematical models. Huge amounts of public money were subsequently invested worldwide into efforts to achieve the outlined ambitious goals. In reality, however, the rise of biochar has failed to materialize anywhere. Doubts have therefore been raised about the feasibility of the vision for biochar. This article assesses the first results obtained from a commercial scale project in Central Europe. The success seems to be dependent on reduction of the biochar price.     

饲料添加小麦秸秆生物质炭对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能和脂质代谢的影响

旨在研究小麦秸秆生物质炭对肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能和脂质代谢的影响。试验选用100只22日龄、健康状况良好、体重670 g左右的罗斯308肉鸡,随机分成4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂添加1%、5%和10%小麦秸秆生物质炭的基础日粮,试验期33 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加5%的小麦秸秆生物质炭肉鸡的平均日增重增加10.12%(P0.05);胸肌率提高23.42%(P0.05);添加5%和10%的小麦秸秆生物质炭肉鸡的腹脂率分别降低31.44%和23.02%(P0.05);试验组肉鸡的料重比均在一定程度上低于对照组,但无显著差异(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,添加5%的小麦秸秆生物质炭显著降低肉鸡血清总胆固醇含量(P0.05);试验组显著降低肉鸡血清三酰甘油含量(P0.05),但对肉鸡血清葡萄糖、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P0.05);3)虽然添加小麦秸秆生物质炭增加了单位饲料成本,但添加1%和5%小麦秸秆生物质炭试验组每千克肉鸡增重饲料成本分别比对照组降低8%和6%。因此,饲料添加一定量的小麦秸秆生物质炭可以减少肉鸡腹脂沉积,降低血清总胆固醇和三酰甘油含量,在一定程度上有助于改善肉鸡的屠宰性能和生产性能。     

生物炭吸附溶液中Pb2+的定性及定量研究

由木质纤维素类生物质经过热解制得的生物炭能够高效地吸附污水中的重金属离子,将其作为Pb²⁺吸附剂,具有广阔的应用前景。本文以松木与大豆秸秆为原料,分别在400、600、800℃下制备了生物炭,考察了其理化特性与吸附性能之间的关系,并对各吸附机制的相对贡献进行了定性及定量分析。研究结果表明：大豆秸秆生物炭的吸附性能(最大吸附容量分别为209.35、180.62和226.64 mg·g^-1)远优于松木生物炭的(4.62、12.02和23.47 mg·g^-1)。6种生物炭对Pb²⁺的吸附过程都符合Langmuir模型和拟二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主,受物理微观结构的影响较小。阳离子交换在生物炭吸附Pb²⁺过程中占据重要作用,其中Ca²⁺的交换能力最强。Pb²⁺在生物炭表面的矿物沉淀主要为水白铅矿和碳酸铅。矿物质沉淀(贡献占比21.9%～76.8%)和阳离子交换(18.1%～72.5%)是大豆秸秆炭和松木炭对Pb²⁺的...     

热解条件对秸秆热解特性及生物炭产率的影响

为明确秸秆废弃物生物炭制备过程中的热解特性及其与生物炭产率之间的关联,探寻秸秆废弃物制备生物炭的最佳热解条件,以4种不同类型的秸秆废弃物为研究对象,通过热重模拟结合秸秆废弃物的组分特征,考察秸秆废弃物种类、热解终温、升温速率对秸秆废弃物热解特性及生物炭产率的影响.结果表明,4种秸秆废弃物在热解过程中其最大失重量和最大失重速率均出现在热解阶段,最大失重速率排序为:小麦秸秆＞玉米秸秆＞水稻秸秆＞芦苇秸秆,与秸秆自身的纤维素含量相关.统计分析表明,秸秆废弃物种类、升温速率、热解终温、终温保持时间对生物炭产率均有显著影响.热解终温越高、升温速率越大、保留时间越长,生物炭产率越低.热解终温、升温速率对秸秆生物炭产率的影响规律均与热重模拟实验结果相吻合.综合热解特性、生物炭产率统计分析结果及能耗,选定生物炭的最佳制备条件为以10 ℃/min的升温速率升至500 ℃,保持30 min.     

生物炭混凝土生命周期CO2排放评价

为评价生物炭混凝土的CO₂排放量,采用生命周期评价技术构建了生物质热解生产生物炭过程的碳排放计算模型、生物炭混凝土从原材料生产到混凝土拆除废弃阶段CO₂排放量化模型和生物炭混凝土服役期碳化-吸收模型,同时研究了生物炭按质量比例取代水泥对混凝土力学性能的影响。在此基础上,计算了1 m³C30生物炭混凝土的CO₂排放量,并与普通C30混凝土CO₂排放量进行对比。结果表明:生物炭作为一种碳负性材料,其碳元素含量越高,CO₂减排效果越好; 当生物炭取代率小于5.0%时,研磨后的超细炭颗粒可以充分发挥填充和内固化效应,有效地提高混凝土的力学性能; 生物炭混凝土生命周期CO₂排放量随生物炭取代率的提高而降低,5%取代率的1 m³木屑生物炭混凝土相比普通C30混凝土,可减排CO₂66.5 kg,减排率为20.7%; 生物炭混凝土在服役期内因碳化吸收CO₂占总碳排放量的1.8%～2.5%,而拆除废弃阶段由于混凝土的比表面积呈指数增长,碳化吸收量需要进一步研究。     

Characterization of barley straw biochar produced in various temperatures and its effect on lead and cadmium removal from aqueous solutions

Conversion of agricultural wastes into a carbon rich material (i.e. biochar) using pyrolysis process could be an appropriate approach for their management. This study was carried out to convert barley straw to biochar in different temperatures (300, 400 and 500°C) and to investigate the potential of the produced biochar as a sorbent of heavy metals (Pb and Cd). Considering the pretest results of Pb and Cd sorption, the biochar produced at 500°C (BS500) was selected to find effect of pH, the sorbent dose, the initial concentration of Pb and Cd and the contact time on metal removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimum conditions of adsorption were pH = 6, the sorbent dose 1 g/L and the contact time of 45 min. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms had the best fit to the pseudo‐second order and Langmuir models, respectively.