硫化物生物浸出过程中木质纤维素的应用现状

生物浸出技术具有成本低、无污染、要求简单的特点,已被成功应用于很多金属硫化矿物的回收。但生物浸出速度慢、浸出率低的问题一直存在,特别是黄铜矿。木质纤维素作为一种廉价的可再生资源,可以加速生物浸出过程,比如废旧报纸、稻壳、竹屑等。对木质纤维素在生物浸出中的应用研究进行回顾,讨论木质纤维素的硫酸水解问题,对比分析添加木质纤维素对生物浸出效率、矿物、ORP、pH、Fe3+/Fe2+、微生物群落等的综合影响。总结了木质纤维素促进生物浸出的机理,并讨论氰渣处理和砷固定方向的相关研究和发展趋势。     

Yeasts of the soil – obscure but precious

Pioneering studies performed in the nineteenth century demonstrated that yeasts are present in below‐ground sources. Soils were regarded more as a reservoir for yeasts that reside in habitats above it. Later studies showed that yeast communities in soils are taxonomically diverse and different from those above‐ground. Soil yeasts possess extraordinary adaptations that allow them to survive in a wide range of environmental conditions. A few species are promising sources of yeast oils and have been used in agriculture as potential antagonists of soil‐borne plant pathogens or as plant growth promoters. Yeasts have been studied mainly in managed soils such as vineyards, orchards and agricultural fields, and to a lesser extent under forests and grasslands. Our knowledge of soil yeasts is further biased towards temperate and boreal forests, whereas data from Africa, the Americas and Asia are scarce. Although soil yeast communities are often species‐poor in a single sample, they are more diverse on the biotope level. Soil yeasts display pronounced endemism along with a surprisingly high proportion of currently unidentified species. However, like other soil inhabitants, yeasts are threatened by habitat alterations owing to anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, deforestation and urbanization. In view of the rapid decline of many natural habitats, the study of soil yeasts in undisturbed or low‐managed biotopes is extremely valuable. The purpose of this review is to encourage researchers, both biologists and soil scientists, to include soil yeasts in future studies.     

丝瓜络纤维的综合利用研究进展

伴随环境和资源紧缺问题日益突出, 开发绿色可持续发展的新材料, 拓展植物材料的应用空间具有重大的意义。本文对丝瓜络纤维的天然特性如形态、密度、孔隙率、纤维直径、化学组成和力学性能进行了概述;同时结合近年来国内外的研究成果, 重点综述了丝瓜络纤维在环境保护、增强复合材料、纳米纤维素制备、细胞固定化载体及生物反应器等领域的综合利用研究进展。针对目前国内在开发丝瓜络纤维新用途和高附加值利用方面的研究现状, 提出了今后丝瓜络纤维在拓宽其应用范围和加快工业化应用步伐方面的建议, 并对丝瓜络纤维的开发利用前景进行了展望。     

混合菌群合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）是微生物体内合成的可生物降解塑料,可以作为化学塑料的替代品。利用纯培养微生物发酵的合成方法由于使用葡萄糖等优质底物及过程需灭菌等原因,产品成本较高,严重制约了PHA的广泛使用;混合菌群利用废弃物合成PHA有效降低了纯培养方法的生产成本,因此受到人们越来越多的关注。本文对混合菌群合成PHA的历史沿革、合成原理、生产工艺、提取方法等方面进行了系统综述。回顾了混合菌群合成PHA的发展历程,简述了两种主要的合成机理,介绍了不同底物合成PHA的代谢途径,重点阐述了混菌合成PHA的三段式工艺和产物提取方法,同时也对新近的研究动态进行了分析总结。指出提高混菌浓度与利用实际废弃物的能力将成为未来研究的关键。     

Stroboscopic near-field imaging for the analysis of contraction of muscle cells

We have developed a stroboscopic near-field optical microscope for observation of biological specimens and observed glycerinated muscles before and after muscle contraction with the developed system. In the system, the optical field distribution localized near the specimen is recorded as the surface topographic distribution of a photosensitive film surface. Our system is very useful for observing living biological specimens with high resolutions, because it is possible to get stroboscopic image by using a photosensitive film as detecting optical distributions instead of a scanning of probes. We have succeeded in observing inner structures of muscle cells with sub-wavelength resolution and achieved higher contrast than an ordinary optical microscope.     

厌氧生物处理低浓度污水研究进展

厌氧生物处理技术具有节能降耗及回收资源的优点,但在处理低浓度污水（COD<1000mg/L）时,污泥活性较差、处理效率偏低等问题使其应用受到严重限制。为促进厌氧生物处理低浓度污水技术的发展,本文在介绍微生物间电子传递类型和厌氧功能菌的基础上,阐明厌氧生物处理的作用机理;随后基于厌氧消化原理,探讨了温度、pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和氨氮等因素对厌氧生物处理的影响;接着从厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧微生物活性及直接种间电子传递三个层面出发,对强化低浓度污水厌氧生物处理的方法进行归纳总结;最后从“耐饥饿”菌种的筛选和微生物活性强化途径角度展望了厌氧生物处理低浓度污水的发展趋势和研究方向,旨在为推广厌氧生物处理低浓度污水、加快污水中有机物的资源化利用提供参考。     

Major advances associated with reproduction in dairy cattle

The purpose of this overview is to review some of the major advances in reproductive technologies, and how they may be applied to meet the challenge of enhancing reproductive efficiency in the high-producing dairy cow of the 21st century. The current population of high-producing dairy cows is considered to be subfertile, as characterized by low pregnancy rates and high rates of embryonic mortality. Coordinated systems of reproductive management have been developed based upon a thorough understanding of the endocrine, cellular, and molecular factors controlling ovarian and uterine function. These systems will partially restore herd reproductive performance. Advances in other reproductive technologies offer possibilities for wider use of superior germplasm. Technologies such as sexed semen, cloning, transgenesis, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis offer the potential to enhance the influence of superior animals on production of food for human consumption. However, at this time, additional research is needed to counteract the higher rates of embryonic and fetal mortality associated with some of these technologies. Furthermore, use of genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics in the study of reproduction will undoubtedly provide investigators with a greater understanding of the limitations to efficient reproductive processes in the subfertile lactating dairy cow.     

眼球系统中关键屈光元件的光学模型研究

角膜和晶状体是人眼光学系统中两个关键的屈光元件,为了理解眼内各介质和整个眼球的屈光状态以及视网膜上的成像,有利于眼科临床方面的应用,需要分别对二者进行光学特性模型的分析与研究。根据角膜和晶状体的光学特性,应用光学设计软件Zemax和有关的数学工具,从光学成像角度,分别对角膜和晶状体模型进行研究:基于结合人眼光学模型的角膜双二次曲面模型的建立方法,统计分析了我国人眼实测角膜参数的数据;通过对晶状体折射率分布特点的分析,分别在轴向和径向上进行了综合分析。最后给出了符合我国人眼特点的角膜面型的统计数值,完善了我国人眼角膜光学模型的建立;获得了形式简单且能够表示晶状体折射率分布一般特征的梯度渐变模型表达式。基于收集的我国人眼实测数据的角膜面型模型和晶状体梯度渐变形式的折射率模型,为解决人眼光学系统研究中的关键问题提供了新的方案和思路。     

线粒体荧光探针最新研究进展

细胞器的研究一直是认识细胞结构和功能的重要手段。线粒体是细胞的能量工厂,参与众多的新陈代谢过程,许多病理学过程均与它相关,是一种重要的细胞器,一直以来都是研究的热点。定位于线粒体的荧光探针主要分为3大类,本文重点介绍并讨论近10年基于带有正电荷的荧光团或者在荧光团中引入三苯基膦等定位基团实现对线粒体染色荧光探针的研究进展。     

类泛素介导和热激响应协同提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性

通过调节类泛素和热激响应介导的酿酒酵母内部的活性蛋白质平衡,提高酵母细胞的热稳定性和乙醇发酵性能,从而达到工业生产中降低控温能耗的目的。将5个蛋白质平衡相关基因分别与调控基因FBA1p组合构建耐热元器件,并将其导入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiaeINVSC1,通过梯度升温培养筛选得到能赋予酵母细胞较好耐热性的类泛素元器件FBA1p-atg8和热激蛋白元器件FBA1p-hsp104;其对应的工程菌S.c-ATG8和S.c-HSP104在40℃恒定培养下,OD₆₆₀值均比对照高50%以上(84h),细胞存活率分别是对照的1.64倍和3.01倍(72h),且都具有较好的细胞壁完整性及海藻糖合成量。将atg8与hsp104组合构建成双功能耐热元器件,其工程菌S.c-ATG8-HSP104在40℃恒定发酵的生长能力、细胞活力和乙醇生产能力都明显优于S.c-ATG8与S.c-HSP104。结果表明,通过类泛素介导与热激蛋白响应协同调节胞内活性蛋白质平衡可以有效地提高酿酒酵母的热稳定性。