生物工程学和发酵技术

生物工程是应用生物有机体,生物系统或生物过程来制造工业产品的学科。生物工程在应用微生物方面有很悠久的历史。例如酿酒,发酵乳制品奶酪、酸乳等。目前又在发酵罐设计,发酵工艺,酶技术及遗传工程方面具有令人振奋的进展。生物工程学着重微生物学,生物化学和化学工程的结合,并直接付之实用。本综述主要介绍生物工程中几个同发酵有关的内容,即:微生物技术、酶技术及发酵枝术。     

Optimization of fermentation conditions for production of the jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) spirit using the response surface methodology

The jabuticaba tree (Brazilian grape tree) is a tree native to Brazil that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. The jabuticaba fruit is used in some regions of Brazil to produce juices, jams, wine, and ice cream. In this work, the fermentation conditions (temperature and °Brix) for producing jabuticaba distillate were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for fermentation were found to be 20 °C and 22 °Brix. In repeated experiments to validate the model, experimental data exhibited good agreement with the predicted data. The distillate jabuticaba beverage showed a peculiar chemical composition with 20 volatile compounds that were identified and quantified. Isoamyl alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol + 3-methyl-1-butanol) were the most abundant volatile compounds identified in jabuticaba spirit. Sensory analysis by tasters showed overall approval of jabuticaba distillate. In principal component analysis, when the beverage was evaluated by panelists under 24 y old tended to give favorable ratings of aroma and taste, as well as high overall scores. The group of panelists between the ages of 25 and 53 y old generally gave high marks for appearance in the principal component analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study describes the study of fermentation conditions of jabuticaba pulp for production of jabuticaba spirit. Based on the results of this work, the proposed method can be an alternative for the use of the jabuticaba fruit, and may provide a new industrial outlet for this fruit.     

新建地方本科院校生物技术专业实习管理研究

从实习管理体系、实习基地建设、实习调查研究等方面对新建地方本科院校生物技术专业实习的现状进行了评价,并针对存在的问题提出了加强实习管理的几点建议。     

Food irradiation‐chemistry and applications∗

Abstract

Food irradiation is one of the most extensively and thoroughly studied methods of food preservation. Despite voluminous data on safety and wholesomeness of irradiated foods, food irradiation is still a “process in waiting.” Although some countries are allowing the use of irradiation technology on certain foods, its full potential is not recognized. Only 37 countries worldwide permit the use of this technology. If used to its full potential, food irradiation can save millions of human lives being lost annually due to food‐borne diseases or starvation and can add billions of dollars to the world economy. This paper briefly reviews the history and chemistry of food irradiation along with its main applications, impediments to its adoption, and its role in improving food availability and health situation, particularly in developing countries of the world.     

Assessing the Potential Public Health Impacts of Next Generation Foods Derived from Recombinant DNA Technology: A Case Study of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Enhanced Vegetable Oils

We assessed the potential public health impacts of foods derived from recombinant DNA technology that have been modified to have improved nutrient profiles using omega-3-enhanced vegetable oils as an example. Other examples of crops in development include canola plants with increased vitamin C and rice with higher levels of beta-carotene. The change in consumption of omega-3 fatty acids if vegetable oils were replaced with stearidonic acid-enhanced versions was estimated. The results showed that stearidonic acid and gamma-linolenic acid consumption would increase by 5.43 g/d for males and 4.14 g/d for females. The increase in stearidonic acid in eicosapentaenoic acid equivalents was 1.63 g/d for males and 1.24 g/d for females.     

生物技术提取黄姜皂素的研究进展

通过介绍生物技术在筛选和培育高含量黄姜皂素品种以及黄姜皂素提取过程中的应用,并对比不同生物法提取工艺对黄姜皂素的提取得率影响,分析了影响生物法提取皂素收率的主要因素,发现酶解法在提取黄姜皂素上相比传统的酸解工艺具有明显的得率优势和环保优势。因此,提出了一种综合利用生物技术提取黄姜皂素的发展思路及评价方法,对黄姜皂素工业化推广具有很好的实际指导作用。     

离子束生物技术及其在玉米育种中的应用

离子束作为一种新兴诱变源,已广泛应用于各种农作物的诱变育种。离子束生物技术为玉米品种的改良和种质资源的创新开辟了一条新的道路,推动了玉米育种事业的长足发展。本文阐述了离子束的特点、诱变机理以及在玉米育种中的应用。     

生物技术在药物研究和开发中的应用

生物技术应用于药物研究和开发领域可以大量获得生物活性物质、半合成药物等;分子生物学的发展使基因药物、基因治疗、细胞因子药物成为临床药物及治疗方法;生物技术还将大大促进海洋药物研究与开发。     

海洋生物技术与资源的可持续性利用

海洋是地球上最大的生物资源库,它不仅提供人类优质蛋白质,还蕴藏有结构新颖、性能独特的生物活性物质。由于海洋环境的严酷性和条件的特殊性,开发海洋资源难度较大,只有利用现代生物技术,特别是关键的基因工程技术,才有可能持续地发展和利用海洋生物资源,从而为解决21世纪人类资源匮乏的问题开创新路。本文以长期困扰对虾养殖业的对虾白班杆状病毒为例,阐述了该病毒基因组研究的进展情况以及开展该病毒功能基因组研究的重要性。病毒的分子生物学研究将为防治养殖病害奠定基础。本文还强调了深海基因资源是一个有待开发的潜在宝库,是国际竞争的焦点之一,开展深海基因资源的研究在我国已刻不容缓。     

我国生物技术产业先导性综合评价

文章以生物技术产业为研究对象,建立了生物技术产业的先导性评价指标体系.该指标体系立足于从宏观、中观、微观多层面、多视角透视生物技术产业的先导性,选择模糊Bodar要素法建立综合评价模型.通过数据的收集、整理并计算,得出的生物技术产业先导性评价结果基本上反映出生物技术产业的总体发展特点,即生物技术产业在国民经济发展中确实有较强的先导性.同时这一评价结果也为把生物技术产业作为我国实现现代化过程的先导产业和未来的支柱产业提供了科学的依据.