立体结构障碍物不同阻塞比对火焰传播的影响

通过运用自行设计的火焰加速系统,文章研究了立体结构障碍物对预混甲烷火焰传播过程中火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用五种立体结构障碍物,平板、长方体、三棱柱、四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比分别有20%、40%和60%。结果表明在相同阻塞比下,平板、三棱柱对增加火焰传播速度和超压相对较大,长方体居中,圆柱、四棱柱影响相对有限。研究有助于对矿井瓦斯爆炸预防控制以及为工业安全设计提供参考。     

Research on human blockage effect for indoor 26 GHz mm-wave communications

Based on 26 GHz indoor channel measurements, the blockage attenuation of human bodies was investigated. 2-ray and 4-ray human blockage models were proposed by calculation of the Vogler's multiple knife-edge diffraction field. Results show that 4-ray model fits quite well with measurement data. Human block attenuations are slightly bigger with 1 GHz than with 500 MHz bandwidth. In the blockage measurement of one person moving along the connec-tion line between the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX), the smallest attenuation is found when the person is located at the middle of the connection line, and the biggest attenuation is observed when the person is nearest from the RX position. In the blockage measurements by multiple human bodies, the attenuation is bigger in the cases which the persons cross the TX-RX connection line with their front faces directed to the horn aperture at the RX than the cases with their lat-eral faces directed to the RX horn aperture. The blockage attenuation is larger with the increase of person numbers, about 5～8 dB more attenuation per person. The results can be used for design of mm-wave 26 GHz indoor communi-cations systems.     

Blockage effects in wind farms

An experimental study of wind farm blockage has been performed to quantify the velocity decrease that the first row of a wind farm experiences due to the presence of the other turbines downstream. The general perception has been that turbines downstream of the first row are only influenced by the wakes from upstream turbines without any upstream effect. In the present study, an attempt is made to demonstrate the existence of a two‐way coupling between individual turbines and turbines in the wind farm. Several staggered layouts were tested in the wind tunnel experiments by changing the spacing between rows, spacing between turbines in the rows, and the amount of wind turbines involved. The experiments focused on turbines located in the center of the first row as well as the two turbines located in the row edges, usually believed to experience a speedup. The present results show that no speedup is present and that all the turbines in the first row are subjected to a reduced wind speed. This phenomenon has been considered to be due to “global blockage.” An empirical correlation formula between spacing, number of rows, and velocity decrease is proposed to quantify such effect for the center turbine as well as for the turbines at the edges.     

Validation of a CFD model with a synchronized triple‐lidar system in the wind turbine induction zone

A novel validation methodology allows verifying a CFD model over the entire wind turbine induction zone using measurements from three synchronized lidars. The validation procedure relies on spatially discretizing the probability density function of the measured free‐stream wind speed. The resulting distributions are reproduced numerically by weighting steady‐state Reynolds averaged Navier‐Stokes simulations accordingly. The only input varying between these computations is the velocity at the inlet boundary. The rotor is modelled using an actuator disc. So as to compare lidar and simulations, the spatial and temporal uncertainty of the measurements is quantified and propagated through the data processing. For all velocity components the maximal difference between measurements and model are below 4.5% relative to the average wind speed for most of the validation space. This applies to both mean and standard deviation. One rotor radius upstream the difference reaches maximally 1.3% for the axial component. © 2017 The Authors. Wind Energy Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

滑坡–堵江–涌浪灾害链模拟的DEM–CFD耦合分析方法及其应用

滑坡-堵江-涌浪灾害链的演化过程涉及复杂的滑坡-河流相互作用。为了真实再现这一演进过程,本文提出了一种扩展的离散元法（DEM）与计算流体动力学（CFD）耦合数值方法,通过在局部平均DEM-CFD耦合方法中引入流体体积法（VOF）建立了一套能够描述河流自由水面演化的扩展DEM-CFD耦合数值框架,实现了对滑坡涌浪形成及传播过程的追踪;并提出了一种新的局部孔隙率计算方法即虚拟球模型,来克服网格颗粒临界尺寸比的限制,从而实现复杂地形建模要求;进一步通过多个典型算例验证其准确性和有效性。在此基础上,开展了滑坡-堵江-涌浪灾害链演化模拟,并应用至白格滑坡坝形成过程复演,深入分析了滑坡-河流动态演化过程及耦合作用机理。结果表明：所提出的方法能够准确模拟滑坡-河流相互作用;滑坡-河流-河谷地形的耦合作用驱动了灾害演化,滑坡体驱动了涌浪的传播,而河流则增加了滑坡体的动能耗散,且对其沉积过程在河流流向上产生相反影响;模拟得到的白格滑坡运移路径、沉积形态及涌浪侵蚀面积与实地调查结果吻合度较高,成功再现了2018年10月11日白格滑坡堵江事件。本文所提出的扩展DEM-CFD耦合数值方法为深入研究滑坡-堵江-涌浪灾害链演化机制提供了有力的数值工具,对于灾害预测及防灾减灾策略的制定具有一定的参考价值。     

氧化皮脱落导致的过热器管爆管分析

某电厂高温过热器运行5万h后连续发生爆管,通过对爆管及割管样品的宏观形貌、机械性能、金相以及材料状态等进行综合分析,确定爆管原因与氧化皮脱落导致的堵塞有关。对此,提出了杜绝快速起停,适当延长停炉后的打开炉门时间,安装锅炉管寿命管理系统等建议和措施。     

桥口油田注水压力升高原因与治理措施

中原桥口油田注水压力高 ,30 %以上注水井欠注。基于该砂岩油藏特性及开发状况 ,通过储层岩心流动、污染和解堵实验 ,发现注水压力升高的原因 ,一是模拟地层温度下 (95℃ )地层水和注入水产生夹带CaCO3 的CaSO4垢 ,垢沉积堵塞注水井近井地带 ,二是频繁的调剖、堵水作业封堵了高渗通道 ,油水井连通性变差 ,低渗透层也受到伤害 ,超细水泥 /膨润土污染后的低渗岩心伤害不易恢复 ;提出的综合治理措施如下 :①注水初期对注水井进行粘土稳定处理 ,地层伤害后可注活性水改善渗透率 ,严格控制注水水质 (提出了包括表面和界面张力在内的 6条水质水性标准 ) ;②注水方式合理化 ,注水井井距以 2 5 0～ 30 0m为宜 ,注水压力 <35MPa ,注水强度≤ 4 .80m3 /m·d ;③高效螯合有机复合缓速酸解除岩心伤害的效果最好 ,盐酸和胶束酸略有效果 ,土酸有反效果 ;④用柴油携带的超细纳米活性聚硅粉在 1口井试用 ,增注降压效果很好 ,值得投入前期性试验     

延迟焦化液化气脱硫塔堵塞的原因分析与解决措施

对中国海油宁波大榭/舟山石化有限公司2.4 Mt/a延迟焦化装置配套的液化气脱硫塔存在的液泛问题进行了分析,并有针对性地提出了解决方案和改造措施。延迟焦化产出的液化气中含有大量焦粉,在液化气脱硫塔中不断沉积,从而使脱硫塔填料或塔盘堵塞并产生液泛现象。为了保证正常生产,必须对脱硫塔切出进行清理。为了解决脱硫塔切出后不合格液化气的问题,对脱硫装置流程增加2台静态混合器。改造后的简易脱硫流程能保证液化气在脱硫塔切出的状态下质量合格,从而大大降低了因处理脱硫塔而引起的经济损失。     

Formation and evolution of macro inclusions in IF steels during continuous casting

The evolution of macro inclusions during continuous casting was investigated by large-area inclusion characterization using ASPEX and analysis of nozzle blockage deposits. Six kinds of inclusions over 5?μm were observed in samples taken from the tundish and the slabs: single alumina particles, alumina dendrites, refractory-related alumina, alumina associated with bubbles, alumina clusters and Al–Ti complex oxides. By examining the morphology of the nozzle blockage deposit, it was concluded that the refractory-related alumina in the slabs came from the decarburization layer washed away by the steel stream. Some of the alumina clusters that came from the nozzle blockage deposit dislodged by the steel flow, were formed by the agglomeration and sintering of 5–20?μm inclusions that were carried over from the tundish. Two kinds of Al–Ti oxides were found in the tundish, and their evolution mechanisms during the casting process were proposed.     

5通道铁磁探测仪的研发与锅炉管堵塞检测

描述了5通道铁磁探测仪的研发和应用,该仪器能在管外发现发电锅炉过热器管和再热器管内是否有铁锈堆积,并评估堵塞程度,目的是通过检测防止爆管事故。采用磁学探测方法,在管外表面的1条圆周线上布置5个测量点,进行了有限元数值模拟和标定曲线的计算。对计算结果进行了实验验证,与计算值相比较,测量值的标准误差（相对误差）为5.2%。现场检测得到的堵塞面积与管内孔的面积之比,与X射线摄影测得的结果比较,确定铁磁探测仪检测的标准误差（绝对误差）为3.9%。通过为5家热电厂进行过热器管和再热器管堵塞检测,发现超标堵塞30多处,解剖验证无一误报,所以用该仪器进行堵塞检测能够防止上述锅炉管爆管事故。