发酵稻草饲养肉用仔鸡试验初报

通过在日粮中添加小麦麸、稻草和发酵稻草对肉鸡进行饲养试验，结果表明：稻草经发酵后品质有明显改善。添加到日粮中，可达到与添加小麦麸饲养的同等效果。     

Water soluble phosphorus released by poultry litter: effect of extraction and time after application

The normally alkaline pH of poultry litter limits the solubility of P forms, especially the inorganic ones. Poultry litter acidification after field applications could result in increased P solubilization, so the use of water-soluble P (WSP) concentrations measured at the original litter pH might lead to an underestimation of the risk of P contamination of runoff water. In the laboratory, we studied the influence of pH (original and target pH 6 and 7) and shaking time (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 h) on the amounts of Total Dissolved P (TDP) and Molybdate Reactive P (MRP) extracted from two broiler and one breeder litters. Additionally we measured pH, MRP, and TDP evolution in the thatch and top 1 cm of soil during 115 days after application of broiler litter to a Bermudagrass pasture. Acidification of litter suspensions increased TDP by 34 to 72% and MRP by 24 to 69%. In the field, broiler litter pH decreased from 8.1 to 6.7 within 30 days after the application. The following evidence suggests that the WSP measured at the original litter pH might have been considerably less than that released in the field: (a) Based on adsorption isotherm data, the 97 g P g^–1 of soil applied as MRP would have been insufficient to result in an increased concentration of 16 g P g^–1 of soil as MRP; (b) The total increase in Dissolved Unreactive P (DUP) observed in soil (38 g cm^–2) was twice the amount measured in the litter at the original pH; and (c) The increase in MRP measured in soil 59 days after litter application could be linked to additional amounts of DUP not accounted for in the analysis at the original pH. These results highlight the importance of measuring WSP under conditions similar to those encountered by the litter after application.     

冬虫夏草、寡糖和微生态制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

将300只1日龄艾维因雏鸡随机平均分成5组,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮 0.2%冬虫夏草菌粉、基础日粮 0.1%寡糖、基础日粮 0.2%微生态制剂、基础日粮 100mg.kg-1金霉素。结果表明:与基础日粮相比各添加剂组均能提高4～6周龄期间肉仔鸡日增重,冬虫夏草组的日增重与基础日粮组差异显著(p<0.05),与金霉素组日增重差异不显著。0～3周龄期间试验组的料重比除微生态制剂组均显著低于基础日粮组(p<0.05)。各组添加剂均可提高肉仔鸡细胞和体液免疫功能,其中寡糖效果显著,作用是提高肉仔鸡在生长前期血清球蛋白含量(p<0.01)。     

Effect of Poultry Manure on the Leaching of Carbon from a Sandy Soil as a Potential Substrate for Denitrification in the Subsoil

There is evidence from laboratory incubations that denitrifying bacteria occur in the deep subsoils of UK soils and that lack of available carbon (C) generally limits their activity. Animal manures can be a source of substantial carbon input to farming systems. This experiment measured the effect of broiler litter application on the movement of C in soil solution to depths below 1 m, which might be sufficient to allow denitrification of nitrate moving from the rooting zone towards ground water aquifers. Six broiler litter rates were applied each autumn from 1992–1994 to field plots on a loamy medium sand in Nottinghamshire, UK. Total loadings over the 3 years ranged from 0 to 125 t ha^-1 broiler litter, supplying 0–32 t ha^-1 total C. Teflon and ceramic water samplers, placed at 1·0 and 1·5 m, and monolith lysimeters (0·5 m² area, 1·5 m deep) were used to measure total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations in the drainage. Ceramic samplers indicated significantly (P<0·05) larger concentrations than Teflon samplers; there were no differences between concentrations measured by Teflon samplers and the lysimeters. Water samples analysed for both dissolved and total C showed that nearly all was in a dissolved form. TOC concentrations on plots which received no manure were less than 20 mg litre^-1 at 1 m for the duration of the experiment; concentrations peaked at 65 mg litre^-1 with the largest manure loading. There was a linear relationship between C leached and C applied, with about 5% leached below 1 m by the end of the experiment. There was some evidence of movement of C to 1·5 m depth, but there were no large peaks corresponding to those at 1 m, because of either adsorption or microbial utilisation. The results provide evidence of movement of substantial C to depth in some circumstances, particularly on fields which regularly receive large dressings of organic manure. The availability of this as a substrate for denitrification needs further examination. © 1997 SCI     

Silage preparation from tuna fish wastes and its nutritional evaluation in broilers

The present study was conducted to obtain tuna waste silage from the canning industry by using fresh fish viscera for the autolytic process. Chemical characterisation of the product and nutritional evaluation for broiler diets were then carried out. Three types of studies were performed. In study one the proximal composition was measured and three acid mixtures were tested for silage development. The formic–sulphuric acid mixture was chosen. The measurement of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) formation indicated that more than 50% NPN was obtained after 2 days of storage; pH changes were also measured and stabilisation occurred after 24 h. Contents of aerobic mesophiles, total coliforms, yeast and mould were reduced during the first month of storage. Study two was then conducted to determine the proteolytic activity in fresh viscera, the changes in lipid oxidation and the trimethylamine formation during silage development. It was observed that cooked dark meat wastes were oxidised at the beginning, but trimethylamine did not change during 2 months of storage. Thirty-nine per cent of tryptophan content was lost, but available lysine decreased only 8% from original content after 20 days of storage. Fe, Ca, P, Zn, Na and K contents were also measured. A larger batch of silage was obtained and dried after sorghum addition. The silage–sorghum ratio was 70:30. Four starter diets for 9-day-old broiler chicks were prepared at different levels from the final dried silage (5, 10 and 15%). The control diet (0%) contained soybean meal as the predominant protein supplement. Food intake, weight gain and feed conversion were recorded during the short-time feeding study. There were no significant effects of dietary inclusion on the final dried product (p < 0.05). The results showed that 15% of this product can be included without adverse effects on broilers. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

苦杏仁对肉鸡生长性能和肉品质及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响

通过在肉鸡饲料中添加不同剂量的苦杏仁粉,评价其对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,探究苦杏仁在畜禽生产中应用及最适添加量,为饲料中抗营养因子的开发利用提供试验依据。试验将100只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组25只;对照组(C组)饲喂基础全价饲料,低剂量组(L组)饲喂含4.5 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,中剂量组(M组)饲喂含9 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,高剂量组(H组)饲喂含17 g/kg苦杏仁粉的基础全价饲料,试验周期为45 d。结果表明,与C组相比,H组肉鸡的终末体重和平均日增重极显著降低(P<0.01),料重比极显著升高(P<0.01),而L组、M组肉鸡的末体重和平均日增重及料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);肌肉放置24 h和48 h后,H组肌肉肉色显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉剪切力极显著增加(P<0.01);L组胸肌粗蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05),M组、L组差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中添加不同剂量的苦杏仁粉均增强肉鸡肝脏中SOD、CAT和GSH-PX的活性(P<0.05)。试验说明,饲料中添加的低剂量(4.5 g/kg)和中剂量(9 g/kg)苦杏仁粉均可改善肉鸡肉品质和增强肝脏抗氧化性能,其中以添加9 g/kg苦杏仁的效果最佳。而添加高剂量(17 g/kg)的苦杏仁粉虽能增强肉鸡肝脏的抗氧化能力,但会导致肉鸡的生长性能和肉品质降低。     

In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Berry Leaves and Their Inhibitory Effect on Lipid Peroxidation of Thigh Meat from Broiler Chickens

The present study is designed to evaluate the antioxidant compounds from bilberry, cranberry, and raspberry leaves in connection with their radical scavenging activities, and their potential in inhibiting the lipid peroxidation of thigh meat from broiler chickens. For this purpose, plant extracts are analyzed regarding the content in bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties analysis including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activities. Lipid peroxidation is induced by an Fe⁺³/ascorbic acid system and the inhibitory effects of plants extracts are assessed using thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) as biomarkers for quantifying lipid oxidation in meat. The overview of the analyzed antioxidant compounds shows that cranberry leaves present the highest concentrations of vitamin E, β‐carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, and polyphenols and a total antioxidant capacity with 52% higher than bilberry and 360% than raspberry. Bilberry leaves extract shows the strongest effect (p  < 0.0001) in inhibiting meat lipid peroxidation. Practical Applications: The results demonstrate the positive effect of the selected berry leaves in the oxidative stability of broiler chicken meat under in vitro conditions, and may be suggested as an alternative source of natural antioxidants for animal nutrition, with benefits in inhibiting and delaying oxidation, and also enhancing the nutritional value of meat.     

The use of fly ash from the combustion of poultry litter for the adsorption of chromium(III) from aqueous solution

Fly ash, from the combustion of poultry litter, was assessed as an adsorbent for chromium(III) from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was studied as a function of temperature and time. Adsorption was best described by the Langmuir model. The adsorption of chromium(III) on the fly ash was endothermic and kinetic studies suggest that the overall rate of adsorption was pseudo‐second order. At low initial concentrations film diffusion effects contribute to limiting the overall rate of adsorption while at higher initial chromium(III) concentrations pore diffusion becomes more important. An adsorption capacity of 53 mg dm^?3 was reached at 20 °C. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry