A Small-Volume Apparatus for the Measurement of Phase Equilibria

An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the pressure measurement is 9.8 × 10⁻⁴ MPa. An automated data acquisition system is used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a standard mixture of propane + butane.     

中坝轻烃回收装置扩产改造与深加工

介绍了中坝 30× 10 4 m3/d轻烃回收装置扩产改造方案和深加工的工艺。在分析装置现有设备的基础上 ,依据确定的装置深加工方向对膨胀机和精馏系统进行了改造。实践证明 ,扩产改造后 ,效果明显 ,能获得可观的经济效益。     

丙烷脱沥青装置的整改及应用

南阳石蜡精细化工厂将 15× 10 4 t/a丁烷脱沥青装置改造成为 18× 10 4 t/a丙烷脱沥青装置 ,充分利用南阳原油含蜡量较高的资源优势 ,生产高附加值产品 ,可同时为该厂提供充足的微晶蜡原料、凡士林原料、催化原料、10 0 #道路沥青原料等多种特色产品的基础原料。主要介绍了该装置的整改内容、实施过程、实施后的效果及工程设计方面需注意的问题。     

B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛膜的制备及正/异丁烷分离性能

采用两次变温热浸渍法在大孔α-Al2O3多孔管状载体外表面涂覆B-ZSM-5大小晶种,以制备平整、连续且致密的B-ZSM-5晶种层,随后在晶化成膜液的稀溶液体系下,利用二次生长法在α-Al2O3管外表层成功制备B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛膜.实验采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛...     

Characterization and Benzo[a]pyrene Content Analysis of Camellia Seed Oil Extracted by a Novel Subcritical Fluid Extraction

A novel continuous subcritical n‐butane extraction technique for Camellia seed oil was explored. The fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, and benzo[a]pyrene content of Camellia seed oil extracted using this subcritical technique were analyzed. Orthogonal experiment design (L₉(3⁴)) was adopted to optimize extraction conditions. At a temperature of 45 °C, a pressure of 0.5 MPa, a time of 50 min and a bulk density of 0.7 kg/L, an extraction yield of 99.12 ± 0.20 % was obtained. The major components of Camellia seed oil are oleic acid (73.12 ± 0.40 %), palmitic acid (10.38 ± 0.05 %), and linoleic acid (9.15 ± 0.03 %). Unsaturated fatty acids represent 83.78 ± 0.03 % of the total fatty acids present. Eight physicochemical indexes were assayed, namely, iodine value (83.00 ± 0.21 g I/100 g), saponification value (154.81 ± 2.00 mg KOH/g), freezing‐point (?8.00 ± 0.10 °C), unsaponifiable matter (5.00 ± 0.40 g/kg), smoke point (215.00 ± 1.00 °C), acid value (1.24 ± 0.03 mg KOH/g), refrigeration test (transparent, at 0 °C for 5.5 h), and refractive index (1.46 ± 0.06, at 25 °C). Benzo[a]pyrene was not detected in Camellia seed oil extracted by continuous subcritical n‐butane extraction. In comparison, the benzo[a]pyrene levels of crude Camellia seed oil extracted by hot press extraction and refined Camellia seed oil were measured at 26.55 ± 0.70 and 5.69 ± 0.04 μg/kg respectively.     

Isomerization of n-Butane over Ultrastable H-Y Zeolites with Different Si/Al Atomic Ratio

Ultrastable H-Y zeolites with different Si/Al atomic ratios (3n-butane isomerization. The initial activity of these catalysts is lower than that measured on tungsta supported on zirconia catalysts (WO _x /ZrO₂) and acidic mordenite catalysts; however, the Brønsted acid sites of the ultrastable H-Y zeolites are stable and selective towards isobutane. No deactivation of the catalysts was observed after 5 h of time on stream. In contrast, WO _x /ZrO₂ and acidic mordenite catalysts under the same experimental conditions are largely deactivated in less than 1 h of time on stream. The stability of the ultrastable H-Y zeolite in comparison to H-mordenite catalysts may be due to the three-dimensional structure of H-Y made of large supercages interconnected by apertures of 12 oxygen atoms. This structure may favour the diffusion of reactant and product decreasing the residence time and the ensuing degradation to coke. Acidic molecular sieves with monodimensional structure may favour the formation of the precursors of the coke responsible of the catalyst deactivation.     

丁烷氧化制顺丁烯二酸酐催化剂活性相的研究

通过活性测试及催化剂表征研究了用于丁烷氧化制顺酐VPO催化剂的反应控制步骤-脱氢反应的机理,分析了(VO)2P2O7(020)面的催化脱氢过程,同时对β—VOPO4相在催化脱氢过程中的作用进行了研究。丁烷氧化制顺酐VPO催化剂中,最重要的活性相是(VO)2P2O7,而(020)面是(VO)2R2O7的活性面。与此同时,β—VOPO4相也是重要的活性相,只有在β—VOPO4相与(VO)2R2O7协同作用下,方可对丁烷分子进行较适当地活化,使脱氢作为控制步骤能够顺利进行。     

Utilisation of C2–C4 gaseous hydrocarbons and isoprene by microorganisms

Microorganisms able to grow on low molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbon gases, i.e. the n‐alkanes, ethane, propane and butane, and the terminal alkenes, ethylene, propylene and butylene, are not uncommon but mainly belong to certain taxonomic groups. These microbes are described in this review together with the pathways by which the hydrocarbons are assimilated. Microbial oxidation of the volatile alkadiene, isoprene, is also discussed. Avenues for possible commercial exploitation of these metabolic activities are also reviewed. Short‐chain n‐alkane‐utilising organisms have been investigated as tools in petroleum exploration and for production of single cell protein. More recently microbes grown on gaseous hydrocarbons other than methane have been evaluated for use in biotechnological production of epoxides, synthesis of chiral epoxyalkanes and as catalysts in bioremediation systems. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phase behavior on the binary and ternary mixtures of poly(isooctyl acrylate) + supercritical fluid solvents + isooctyl acrylate and CO2 + isooctyl acrylate system

Experimental cloud‐point data to the temperature of 180 °C and the pressure up to 2000 bar are presented for ternary mixtures of poly(isooctyl acrylate) + supercritical fluid solvents + isooctyl acrylate systems. Cloud‐point pressures of poly(isooctyl acrylate) + CO₂ + isooctyl acrylate system is measured in the temperature range of 60–180°C and to pressures as high as 2000 bar with isooctyl acrylate concentration of 0–44.5 wt. This system changes the pressure–temperature slope of the phase behavior curves from upper critical solution temperature (UCST) region to lower critical solution temperature (LCST) region as the isooctyl acrylate concentration increases. Poly(isooctyl acrylate) does dissolve in pure CO₂ to the temperature of 180°C and the pressure of 2000 bar. The phase behavior for poly(isooctyl acrylate) + CO₂ + 9.5, 14.8, 30.6, and 41.9 wt % dimethyl ether (DME) mixture show the curve changes from UCST to LCST as the DME concentration increases. Also, the cloud‐point curves are measured for the binary mixtures of poly(isooctyl acrylate) in supercritical propane, propylene, butane, and 1‐butene. High pressure phase behaviors are measured for the CO₂ + isooctyl acrylate system at 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120°C and pressure up to 200 bar. This system exhibits type‐I phase behavior with a continuous mixture‐critical curve. The experimental results for the CO₂ + isooctyl acrylate system are modeled using the Peng‐Robinson equation of state. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

对炼油厂副产低碳烃及低辛烷值油品的裂解性能评价

在实验室裂解装置上,对中国石油兰州石化分公司炼油装置副产的低碳烃(丙烷、正丁烷、轻C4及重C4)和低辛烷值油品(重整拔头油、重整抽余油和焦化汽油)的裂解性能进行了评价。结果表明,丙烷、正丁烷和重整拔头油是裂解制乙烯的优质原料;重整抽余油裂解时,在900℃,m(蒸汽)/m(重整抽余油)为0.63的条件下,乙烯收率为31.87%,三烯(乙烯、丙烯和丁二烯)总收率为50.62%;焦化汽油的裂解性能与库西石脑油相当;在890℃,m(蒸汽)/m(焦化汽油)为0.60的条件下,乙烯收率为31.63%,三烯总收率为50.34%。