组合保鲜方式应用于叶菜保鲜的研究进展

叶菜是人们日常饮食中必不可少的食物之一,富含膳食纤维、Vc以及多种微量元素,但是其特有的生理特性以及组织结构使其极易腐败变质,因此探究适宜的保鲜方式显得尤为重要。本文综述了物理、化学、生物保鲜技术间的不同组合对叶菜的保鲜效果,结合叶菜典型指标及货架期,介绍了相比于单一保鲜方式,不同组合保鲜方式的特点及优势,并指出在未来叶菜保鲜技术的发展方向,为叶菜的实际保鲜工作提供参考。     

The effect of by-product inclusion and concentrate feeding rate on milk production and composition,pasture dry matter intake,and nitrogen excretion of mid-late lactation spring-calving cows grazing a perennial ryegrass-based pasture

Interest is growing in the use of by-products as economical sources of nutrients that complement grazed grass, particularly at times when grass supply is insufficient to meet the nutritional demands of lactating dairy cattle. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of the amount of by-product inclusion and concentrate feeding rate on pasture dry matter intake, milk production and composition, and N excretion from spring-calving cows grazing summer pasture during mid-late lactation. Forty-eight Holstein Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Cows were grazed in one group on a perennial ryegrass-based sward, with pelleted concentrates offered twice daily during milking over a 63-d experimental period. The dietary treatments were 3 kg of concentrate containing 35% by-products; 6 kg of concentrate containing 35% by-products; 3 kg of concentrate containing 95% by-products; and 6 kg of concentrate containing 95% by-products on a fresh matter basis. The by-products used were soybean hulls, palm kernel expeller, and maize dried distillers grains with solubles, included in equal proportions on a dry matter basis. Pasture dry matter intake (14.5 kg/d) was not affected by the amount of by-product inclusion or feeding rate. By-product inclusion had no effect on milk yield (27.1 kg/d) or milk solids (MS) yield (2.0 kg/d). Cows offered 6 kg of concentrate had a greater milk (+1.6 kg/d) and MS (+0.13 kg/d) yield, consumed more N (+0.08 kg/d), and excreted a lower proportion of N in the milk (0.25 vs. 0.27) and feces (0.39 vs. 0.41) and a higher proportion in the urine (0.39 vs. 0.32) compared with cows offered 3 kg of by-product-based concentrate. In conclusion, by-products can be included at up to 95% of the concentrate fed to cows grazing pasture without affecting pasture dry matter intake, milk production or composition, or N excretion. Cows offered 6 kg of concentrates produced more milk and MS than cows offered 3 kg but had higher urinary N excretion. Economics of this yield response will depend on milk and concentrate prices.     

电解碱法非木材纤维原料黑液减少有机污染回收副产品

在大多数造纸厂,黑液进行浓缩后在碱回收炉中燃烧。回收熔融的无机化学品,在纸厂中再次利用。近期,开发出一种比碱回收炉更高效的方法——     

Effects of dietary inclusion of sunflower soap stocks on colour,oxidation and microbiological growth of meat from light fattening lambs

Thirty-two lambs were finished on a total mixed ration (TMR) pelleted alone (00SS) or including sunflower soap stock (SS): 15SS (15 g SS per kg TMR), 30SS (30 g SS per kg TMR) and 60SS (60 g SS per kg TMR). Lambs (8 per group) were slaughtered at 27 kg live weight. Colour evolution, lipid oxidation, microbial growth and detection of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli were studied in meat samples. SS in the diet reduced meat lipid oxidation (P < 0.05), but had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the cholesterol oxidation products. Meat from 60SS and control animals (00SS) revealed greater discoloration (P < 0.05) than 15SS. SS supplementation did not affect the microbiological populations, whereas high doses of SS seemed to increase the proliferation of diarrhoeagenic E. coli on day 14 (P < 0.10). These results suggest that the rate of SS inclusion in the diet of fattening lambs should not be above 15 g SS per kg TMR.     

Formation, modeling and validation of trihalomethanes (THM) in Malaysian drinking water: a case study in the districts of Tampin, Negeri Sembilan and Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malaysia

A modeling procedure that predicts trihalomethane (THM) formation from field sampling at the treatment plant and along its distribution system using Tampin district, Negeri Sembilan and Sabak Bernam district, Selangor as sources of data were studied and developed. Using Pearson method of correlation, the organic matter measured as TOC showed a positive correlation with formation of THM (r=0.380,P=0.0001 for Tampin and r=0.478,P=0.0001 for Sabak Bernam). Similar positive correlation was also obtained for pH in both districts with Tampin (r=0.362,P=0.0010) and Sabak Bernam (r=0.215,P=0.0010). Chlorine dosage was also found to have low correlation with formation of THM for the two districts with Tampin (r=0.233,P=0.0230) and Sabak Bernam (r=0.505,P=0.0001). Distance from treatment plant was found to have correlation with formation of THM for Tampin district with r=0.353 and P=0.0010. Other parameters such as turbidity, ammonia, temperature and residue chlorine were found to have no correlation with formation of THM. Linear and non-linear models were developed for these two districts. The results obtained were validated using three different sets of field data obtained from own source and district of Seremban (Pantai and Sg. Terip), Negeri Sembilan. Validation results indicated that there was significant difference in the predictive and determined values of THM when two sets of data from districts of Seremban were used with an exception of field data of Sg. Terip for non-linear model developed for district of Tampin. It was found that a non-linear model is slightly better than linear model in terms of percentage prediction errors. The models developed were site specific and the predictive capabilities in the distribution systems vary with different environmental conditions.     

腐殖酸特性及其对三卤甲烷形成的影响

以提取腐殖酸和商品腐殖酸为对象,研究了不同腐殖酸对加氯消毒后三卤甲烷生成量的影响,并对腐殖酸特性进行了分析。结果表明,伊春腐殖酸比松花江腐殖酸和商品腐殖酸具有更高的三卤甲烷生成量、生成速度和更高的卤代活性。松花江腐殖酸和商品腐殖酸中的芳香结构、不饱和双键的分子较少,分子质量较大,而伊春腐殖酸中芳香结构和不饱和双键的分子较多,分子质量较低。小分子质量和含不饱和双键的有机物通常是消毒副产物的主要前体物,因而伊春腐殖酸加氯消毒后的三卤甲烷生成量比松花江腐殖酸和商品腐殖酸高。     

鱼骨钙综合利用及制备技术研究进展

钙是人体中最丰富的无机元素,在生理功能中起着重要作用,缺钙会对人体健康造成严重威胁。鱼骨作为水产加工的副产物,是一种丰富的钙源。以鱼骨制备钙制剂具有来源丰富、价格低廉等优势,且制得的钙制剂质量好、稳定性强和吸收率高,实现鱼骨的高效利用并减轻了环境污染的压力。文章主要从鱼骨钙的吸收机理、综合利用、以及复合鱼骨钙制备方法与功能等方面介绍鱼骨钙制剂的研究现状,并探索鱼骨钙在食品领域中的发展空间,为今后对鱼骨钙的进一步研究和利用提供参考。     

无灰分散剂副产盐酸的汽提精制实验报告

以瓷质拉西环为填料,采用空塔线速度００５～０１５ｍ／ｓ,汽提温度７０～８０℃,气液（体积）比为１３０∶１～１６０∶１的操作条件下,可使无灰分散剂副产盐酸中２－氯－２－甲基丙烷等有机物杂质含量从１５×１０－４脱除到（１２±３）×１０－６,脱除率达９０％以上。     

Simulation of integrated novel PSA/EHP/C process for high-pressure hydrogen recovery from Coke Oven Gas

This paper introduces a novel Coke Oven Gas (COG) hydrogen purification/compression system based on the technologies of Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) and Electrochemical Hydrogen Purification and Compression (EHP/C). As the EHP/C tolerates O₂, N₂ and CH₄ impurities, PSA can be utilized solely for CO and CO₂ removal (other COG impurities were not considered in this work). A relaxation of PSA hydrogen purity could significantly enhance its recovery rate. In this study, the suitability of traditional hydrogen PSA as part of the hybrid PSA/EHP/C approach was investigated. Aspen Adsorption and Matlab were used to model the PSA and EHP/C systems, respectively. The effect of adsorption pressure, purge-to-feed-ratio (P/F-ratio) and adsorption time within cycle on PSA performance is reported. This study found that breakthrough of non-detrimental components is typically accompanied with poisonous CO. Hence, the CO removal with traditional H₂-PSA resulted into high purity product. In a two-bed PSA, 36.3% of hydrogen was recovered at 99.9988% purity and 0.18 ppm CO. Subsequently, as a result, the EHP/C purification capability was merely utilized, but polished this hydrogen to >99.999% purity. Simultaneously, hydrogen was isothermally compressed to 20 MPa, consuming a marginal 2.42 kWh/kg. Compared to mechanical compression, this is 31.6% more energy efficient. Recovering hydrogen from by-product COG was found to save 0.5 kg CO₂/kg H₂ compared to hydrogen produced from natural gas. Conventional hydrogen PSA, utilizing 70% Activated Carbon and 30% Molecular Sieve 5A, was found not to be effective to target the removal of CO specifically. To increase synergy between PSA and EHP/C, the PSA requires adequate design and operation using appropriate adsorbents and cycle steps to target elimination of CO. An increased EHP/C catalyst tolerance for CO also contributes to higher flexibility.     

核桃加工副产物综合利用途径

随着核桃产业的快速发展,核桃加工副产物的回收利用成为可能。综述了核桃加工副产物的综合利用途径,包括以核桃饼粕为原料制备蛋白粉、核桃乳、浓缩蛋白、分离蛋白、蛋白肽、酱油;以核桃壳为原料制备活性炭,提取棕色素;以核桃青皮为原料制备染色剂、植物农药;以核桃隔膜为原料开发袋泡饮料等。为核桃产业的发展提供参考。