使用固硫添加剂减少煤燃烧SO_2排放的研究

通过实验对影响钙基固硫率的各种因素进行了初步分析.结果表明,随着Ca/S比的增大,煤的固硫率逐渐升高,Ca/S比为2.5时,煤的固硫率最高;投放不同的添加剂时,当Ca/S比为2,NaCl、Na2CO3、Fe2O3的投放量分别为固硫剂的6%、3%、6%时,煤的固硫率最高;当炉温为1 000℃、粒度为0.1 mm时,煤的固硫率最高.此外,添加剂在煤燃烧过程中投放时的固硫率高于在燃烧前和燃烧后投放时的固硫率.本研究对促进固硫工艺的发展,并为分散式民用燃煤提供了理论和研究方法上的依据.     

三元复合钙基材料CaO-Ca3Al2O6-MgO的合成及其CO2吸附性能

采用Al₂O₃和MgO同时掺杂改性的方法制备了CaO-Ca₃Al₂O₆-MgO复合钙基高温吸附CO₂材料。复合钙基材料孔隙发达,活性物相为CaO,惰性骨架物相为Ca₃Al₂O₆和MgO。Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比偏小的材料,表面微粒粒径较小。在10%（体积分数,下同）CO₂和90% N₂的混合气气氛下,采用热重分析仪测量了复合钙基材料吸附CO₂容量、碳化反应速率以及循环碳化（670℃）/煅烧（900℃）过程的稳定性。结果发现,复合钙基材料CaO-Ca₃Al₂O₆-MgO具有较好的吸附CO₂性能,提高Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比,合成材料的循环稳定性较好;降低Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比,合成材料的碳化反应速率加快,CaO转化率提高。最后,通过对不同循环次数下复合钙材料的比表面积、孔径分布、微观形貌、表面元素分布,晶相、晶粒大小进行研究分析,对合成材料的失活以及掺杂物质对烧结的抑制机理进行了讨论。     

钙基固硫剂固硫技术概述

论述了国内外固硫技术的发展概况，简述了钙基固硫剂固硫技术的机理，对当前几种钙基固硫技术进行了分析比较，并提出了几点建议。     

Alkene selectivity enhancement in the oxidation of propane on calcium-based catalysts

The oxidation of propane has been investigated in the presence and absence of tetrachloromethane (TCM) on calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAp), Ca₃(PO₄)₂, CaSO₄ and CaO at 723 K. In the absence of TCM, the conversion of C₃H₈ on CaHAp was 7.7–9.2% during 6 h on-stream while that on Ca₃(PO₄)₂, CaSO₄ and CaO was 0.6, 0 and 0.2–0.4%, respectively. The principal products on all catalysts in the absence of TCM were CO and CO₂ with small selectivities to C₃H₆ and C₂H₄ (both 5–6%) observed on CaHAp. Upon addition of TCM, the selectivity to C₃H₆ on all catalysts and the conversion of C₃H₈ on CaSO₄ increased while, with increasing time-on-stream, the changes in the conversion and selectivity were dependent upon the nature of the catalysts. XPS and XRD analyses provide evidence for the presence of chlorine in the surface and/or bulk of three of the catalysts, suggesting that chlorinated species on the solids play a role in the selectivity enhancement, but the absence of chlorine from the sulphate demonstrates the dissimilarities of the catalysts in their abilities to sorb and decompose TCM. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

炉内钙基脱硫两种反应过程机理研究

为了控制SO2的排放,人们对燃煤锅炉采用钙基固硫的方法进行治理.传统方式脱硫过程,石灰石进入炉内首先发生煅烧分解,之后生成的CaO在O2、SO2出现时发生硫化反应.尽管研究者采用物理及化学方法来对石灰石的钙利用率加以提高,但终因伴随硫化反应过程CaO不可逆转的高温烧结以及致密CaSO4产物层的形成,使得脱硫效率维持在一较低的水平.然而高压系统下较高CO2浓度所致的直接硫化反应CaCO3-SO2的提出使这一难题有了突破性的进展.通过详述2种硫化过程的反应特性,目的在于更好地了解直接硫化反应特性,并在工程技术上加以开发、应用.     

Treatment of hazardous shipyard wastewater using dolomitic sorbents

Hazardous shipyard wastewater is a worldwide problem, arising from ship repair. In this study an experimental programme was undertaken to establish the suitability of dolomite and dolomitic sorbent materials to remove contaminants from wastewater arising from a commercial shipyard. Experimental data indicate that dolomite and dolomitic sorbents have the ability to significantly reduce the COD concentration of the shipyard effluent (98% reduction). The data gained from trials at a shipyard indicated that the dolomite treatment process could be undertaken in a 8000 L pilot scale reaction vessel. Analysis of the wastewater using ICP-MS during the pilot trial indicated that the dolomite significantly reduced the concentrations of metallic impurities. The concentration of Sn ions, which is indicative of organo-tin complexes commonly found in shipyard wastewater, was reduced by 80% from its initial concentration in the pilot trial. The mechanism for the removal process using dolomite has been ascribed to a metal complexation/sorption process.     

钙基固体碱催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油研究进展

综述了近期氧化钙、钙化合物、负载型氧化钙等钙基固体碱催化剂用于酯交换制备生物柴油的研究进展。钙基固体碱具有较高的酯交换制备生物柴油催化活性,且原料来源广、价格相对较低,是一类具有前景的用于生物柴油清洁生产的固体碱催化剂。钙基固体碱催化剂在存放过程中易碳酸盐化而失去催化活性,生物柴油原料含水含酸量不但降低催化剂催化活性,而且增加催化剂回收难度、增加生物柴油产品中钙离子含量,在研究钙基固体碱催化剂催化酯交换反应机制的基础上,解决以上一系列问题,有助于钙基固体碱催化剂的工业化应用。     

微波联合碱改性粉煤灰对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

为了强化改性粉煤灰在重金属废水处理中的吸附效果,利用微波联合碱改性的方法,研究微波温度、微波时间、微波功率等制备条件对改性粉煤灰吸附铬(Ⅵ)的影响以及吸附等温特性。结果表明,粉煤灰改性的最佳制备条件为：微波功率600 W,微波温度60℃,微波时间15 min,吸附量达到0.341 mg/g,较改性前提高50%以上。此改性条件下的粉煤灰进行吸附等温的试验研究结果表明,其对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型,此吸附过程为单分子层吸附。粉煤灰具有较高的经济性,可广泛用于含铬(Ⅵ)废水的处理。     

磷石膏地层用钙基成膜环保冲洗液研究与应用

针对磷石膏地层水平孔钻探工程存在松散磷石膏层孔壁坍塌、磷石膏遇水分散影响取心质量、冲洗液受钙侵导致其性能恶化以及钻孔轨迹控制困难等技术难题,同时满足绳索取心钻进工艺要求,室内针对性地开展了冲洗液技术研究,分析了磷石膏地层水平孔钻进对冲洗液性能的要求,并在室内处理剂优选、配方优化的基础上,研发了钙基成膜环保冲洗液体系,并成功应用于贵州某磷石膏矿尾矿库中的水平孔钻探工程。室内试验及现场应用结果表明,该体系具有良好的抗钙侵能力,滤失量低,流变性能相对稳定;能够在岩心表面形成相对坚固的保护膜,强化磷石膏孔壁,有效预防孔壁坍塌;保护岩心免受冲洗液侵蚀,提高了取心质量。此外,该体系由无毒和易降解的环保材料组成,具有良好的环保性能。