Sequence Features of Drosha and Dicer Cleavage Sites Affect the Complexity of IsomiRs

The deep-sequencing of small RNAs has revealed that different numbers and proportions of miRNA variants called isomiRs are formed from single miRNA genes and that this effect is attributable mainly to imprecise cleavage by Drosha and Dicer. Factors that influence the degree of cleavage precision of Drosha and Dicer are under investigation, and their identification may improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which cells modulate the regulatory potential of miRNAs. In this study, we focused on the sequences and structural determinants of Drosha and Dicer cleavage sites, which may explain the generation of homogeneous miRNAs (in which a single isomiR strongly predominates) as well as the generation of heterogeneous miRNAs. Using deep-sequencing data for small RNAs, we demonstrate that the generation of homogeneous miRNAs requires more sequence constraints at the cleavage sites than the formation of heterogeneous miRNAs. Additionally, our results indicate that specific Drosha cleavage sites have more sequence determinants in miRNA precursors than specific cleavage sites for Dicer and that secondary structural motifs in the miRNA precursors influence the precision of Dicer cleavage. Together, we present the sequence and structural features of Drosha and Dicer cleavage sites that influence the heterogeneity of the released miRNAs.     

岩爆的超声波监测及预测预报方法试验研究

针对岩爆监测研究的不足,开展了完整硬岩岩爆单轴压缩试验及全过程超声波监测,分析了完整硬岩岩爆破坏特征及超声波前兆规律,探讨了完整硬岩岩爆的预测预报。结果表明:对于完整硬岩岩爆,当加载载荷达到其峰值强度便产生噼啪声响,随之发生爆裂,通过分析碎片,发现试样靠近外部区域劈裂现象明显,越靠近试样内部其破裂面的粉化程度越严重,剪切现象越明显,是源于内部被约束程度的增加导致的强烈摩擦作用和高耗能的结果;通过对完整硬岩岩爆全过程超声波监测,发现波速由平稳不变发展到波动状态、首波波幅由微小的起伏波动发展到较大的起伏波动、衰减系数从增加转为下降均可作为岩爆发生的前兆;首波波幅由总体上减小转为明显增加也可作为岩爆发生的前兆,首波波幅由一直减小发展到微小起伏波动可作为岩爆发生的前兆;硬岩超声波频谱图可反映硬岩试样在载荷作用下其内部由变形发展到产生损伤再到破裂随即岩爆的过程。     

Convergent Activation Concept for CO2 Fixation in Carbonates

Concepts to facilitate the conversion of epoxides with carbon dioxide to the corresponding cyclic carbonates commonly focus on the activation of the epoxide. Herein we report a catalytic system which allows the simultaneous activation of carbon dioxide and the epoxide. This convergent activation concept is realized by combining a suitable carbene as catalyst for the carbon dioxide activation with a second catalytic system based on potassium iodide for epoxide activation. Initial experiments showed synergistic effects and thus proving the feasibility of this activation concept. Moreover a standard protocol was developed and the substrate scope under these conditions has been studied. Under mild and solvent‐free conditions 14 epoxides could be converted. The respective cyclic carbonates were obtained in good to excellent yields with selectivities ≥ 99 % after simple filtration.

     

Synthesis and Properties of Hydrazino Amino Acyclic Carbenes of Gold(I), Platinum(II), Palladium(II) and Rhodium(III)

The nucleophilic addition of protected and substituted hydrazine derivatives to isonitrile complexes of gold(I), platinum(II), palladium(II) and rhodium(III) provides the corresponding hydrazino amino acyclic carbene complexes. These are characterized by their spectroscopic data, four different X‐ray single crystal structure analyses and their catalytic activity in the gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of N‐propargylcarboxamides to alkylideneoxazolines is investigated.

     

聚丙烯腈原丝中二甲基亚砜残留对碳纤维性能的影响

通过对水洗条件的改变,考察了PAN原丝中溶剂二甲基亚砜残留量对碳纤维性能的影响。在原丝中溶剂残留量较高的情况下,碳纤维的密度和强度大幅下降,同时原丝的截面形状和表面形态遭到破坏,影响了碳纤维的性能。     

Polarity reversal induced by electrochemically generated thiazol-2-ylidenes: The Stetter reaction

The inversion of the normal reactivity (umpolung) of aldehydes has been induced via N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) thiazol-2-ylidenes 2a or 3a, generated by simple electrolyses of solutions containing thiazolium salt 2 or 3. Accordingly, 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds have been obtained, in mild conditions and in moderate to very high yields, via 1,4-addition of the Breslow intermediates to the suitable Michael acceptor. The procedure has been performed in classical organic solvents (VOCs) as well as in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The different reactivity of aliphatic aldehydes vs the one of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes has been emphasized.     

Evaluation of a novel unfluorinated copper precursor for chemical vapor deposition

A kinetics of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper using novel unfluorinated precursor, copper(I)(N(1(dimethylvinylsiloxy)-1-methylethano)-2-imino-4-pentanoate), namely Cu-KI5, was studied. Since its great thermal stability, Cu-KI5 allowed high source temperature to provide high vapor pressure, for example Cu-KI5 has a vapor pressure of 0.2-2.2 Torr at the temperature range of 100-140 °C. Furthermore, copper could be deposited by direct reduction from Cu-KI5 instead of disproportionation. By using formic acid (HCOOH) as a reducing agent, copper films were deposited on ruthenium substrate at temperature range of 150-350 °C. The activation energy was 48.9 kJ/mol in surface reaction limited region (<210 °C) and 1.9 kJ/mol in diffusion limited region (>210 °C) at the total pressure of 5 Torr. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis showed that CVD copper film of high purity (>99.99%) was deposited at 250 °C. The as-deposited copper films grown at 150-300 °C exhibited strong 〈111〉 preferred orientation. The minimum resistivity of the copper film was 1.77 μΩ cm obtained at the deposition temperature of 250 °C. In the surface reaction limited region, kinetic data extracted from experiments enabled 2-D computational simulation to predict copper deposition into trench structures. Simulation results showed excellent step coverage, which was larger than 90% for aspect ratio of 10:1. Cu-KI5 is a promising Cu-CVD precursor for the fabrication of ultra large scale integration (ULSI) or through silicon via (TSV) copper interconnects.     

Polymer-derived β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphors

A series of β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺ phosphors were synthesized from single-source precursors, perhydropolysilazane chemically modified with Al(OCH(CH₃)₂)₃, AlCl₃, and EuCl₂. The single-source precursors were converted to β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺ phosphors by pyrolysis under flowing N₂ or NH₃ at 1000°C, followed by heat treatment at 1800°C under an N₂ gas pressure at 980 kPa. By varying the molar ratio of the chemical modifiers, β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺ with the compositions close to the theoretical ones expressed as Si_6−zAl_zO_z−2yN_8−z+2y:yEu²⁺ were synthesized, where the z values and Eu²⁺ contents were controlled in the ranges of .44–.78 and .35–1.48 mol%, respectively. The polymer-derived β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺ phosphors exhibited green emission under excitation at 460 nm attributed to the 4f⁷–4f⁶(7f³)5d¹ transition of dopant Eu²⁺. High-angle annular dark-field-scanning transmission microscopy analysis confirmed that the doped-Eu²⁺ existed interstitially within the channels along the c axis of host β-SiAlON. Compared with the conventional powder metallurgy route, the polymer-derived ceramic route in this study offers some advantages in the grain growth of host β-SiAlON and photoluminescence properties in terms of green emission intensity under excitation at 460 nm, and the highest intensity was achieved for the polymer-derived β-SiAlON:Eu²⁺ with z = .64 and .37 mol% Eu²⁺.     

Synthesis and characterization of precursor derived TiN@Si–Al–C–N ceramic nanocomposites for oxygen reduction reaction

The development of efficient and durable catalysts is critical for the commercialization of fuel cells, as the catalysts’ durability and reactivity dictate their ultimate lifetime and activity. In this work, amorphous silicon-based ceramics (Si–C–N and Si–Al–C–N) and TiN@Si–Al–C–N nanocomposites were developed using a precursor derived ceramics approach. In TiN@Si–Al–C–N nanocomposites, TiN nanocrystals (with sizes in the range of 5–12 nm) were effectively anchored on an amorphous Si–Al–C–N support. The nanocomposites were found to be mesoporous in nature and exhibited a surface area as high as 132 m²/g. The average pore size of the nanocomposites was found to increase with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature, and a subsequent graphitization of free carbon was observed as revealed from the Raman spectra. The ceramics were investigated for electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction using the rotating disk electrode method. The TiN@Si–Al–C–N nanocomposites showed an onset potential of 0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode for oxygen reduction, which seems to indicate a 4-electron pathway at the pyrolysis temperature of 1000°C in contrast to a 2-electron pathway exhibited by the nanocomposites pyrolyzed at 750°C via the Koutecky–Levich plot.     

响应面法优化西兰花种子萝卜硫素前体脂质体的制备工艺

将萝卜硫素制成前体脂质体以提高萝卜硫素的稳定性,改善其水溶性和生物利用度.以包封率和粒径为指标,分别考察了载体材料、表面活性剂种类和用量及脂药比的影响,响应面法优化得前体脂质体的最优处方.通过常温稳定性实验考察了脂质体和前体脂质体的稳定性.结果表明,最优处方为脂药比为6.5∶1,NaCl与萝卜硫素质量比为105∶1,泊...