Synthesis and surface measurements of surfactants derived from dehydroabietic acid

Dehydroabietates with poly(ethylene oxide) chains of average m=12, 17, and 45 units [DeHab(E) _m ] were synthesized. The adsorption at the liquid-vapor interface was measured, and the adsorbed amount and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The foamability, the foam stability, wetting properties, and cloud points, with and without salt content, were studied. The results were compared with common linear alkyl ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and cholesterol ethoxylates. The dehydroabietic acid as hydrophobe was found to result in the same CMC as a linear dodecyl chain. DeHab(E)₄₅ was found to be insoluble above 400 mg/L, but the surface tensions at lower concentrations were similar to those of the C_11–13E_38–40 surfactants, which exhibit CMC in aqueous media. The foaming behavior of the DeHab(E)₁₂ and DeHab(E)₁₇ surfactants was about the same as for common linear C _n E _m surfactants. The foamability as well as the foam stability increased with ethylene oxide (EO) chain length. The cloud point was depressed by increased salt concentration and increased with the number of EO units in the head group. The cloud point was significantly lower than for the corresponding surfactant with a dodecyl chain with similar EO chain length. The wetting results, obtained by measuring the contact angle at similar surface tensions, indicate that surfactants of the DeHab(E) _m type are more efficient wetting agents than both disaccharide sugar surfactants and C _n E _m type surfactants.     

Alkaline protease production by immobilized growing cells of Serratia marcescens with interpolymer complexes of P(TM‐co‐AAm)/PAA

The growing cells of Serratia marcescens (SM) were immobilized with the interpolymer complex carrier, which is formed by the cationic polymer, poly(allyltrimethyl ammonium chloride‐co‐acrylamide) [P(TM‐co‐AAm)], and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). When the association degree of PAA is suitable to the cationic degree of P(TM‐co‐AAm), the effective crosslinking network provides the most favorable circumstances for the cell immobilization. The alkaline protease can be produced by the immobilized SM with high activity. Compared with the free cells, the immobilized SM has higher thermal stability, acid‐base stability, operational stability, and storage stability. Under the optimum immobilizing conditions, not only the living cells of SM but also thermophilic Bacillus firmus (TBF) were immobilized with the complex of P(TM‐co‐AAm)/PAA. The results show the carrier of P(TM‐co‐AAm)/PAA complex to be superior in properties to the usual carriers, such as Na‐alginate and carrageenan. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 178–183, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10293     

Water‐Soluble Amphiphilic O‐(Carboxymethyl)cellulose Derivatives – Synthesis and Properties

Summary: Water‐soluble, partially hydrophobized derivatives of O‐(carboxymethyl)cellulose (CMC) were prepared by esterification of CMC in its ‘gel suspension’ form. The classical esterification method (A) using stearoyl chloride/pyridine as well as two unconventional methods based on reaction with mixed anhydrides (B) and transesterification with vinyl laurate (C) respectively, were compared in terms of the structural, molecular and performance properties of the obtained derivatives. The classical esterification and method B yielded water‐soluble simple fatty acid esters, whereas mixed acetic‐fatty acid esters were obtained by method C. In all cases, molecular degradation of CMC was observed. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy of the acetyl‐lauroyl derivatives of CMC with a degree of esterification DS_E of 0.20 indicated a prevalence of the lauroyl groups (DS_Ac:DS_La = 0.03:0.17). Most of the water‐soluble derivatives exhibited excellent emulsifying efficiency. They represent polysaccharide‐based surfactants with effective anti‐redeposition properties as well as good washing power. Suitable derivatives can be prepared under mild reaction conditions by both unconventional methods which implies that they have potential as substitutes for the expensive and invasive conventional method.

Preparation of CMC derivatives.     

新型阳离子表面活性剂的研究

采用醇醚为主要原料研究合成一种新型的阳离子表面活性剂．用醇醚、环氧氯丙烷首先合成了聚氧乙烯基缩水甘油醚中间体,聚氧乙烯基缩水甘油醚再与三甲铵水溶液在中性条件下反应得阳离子表面活性剂,本研究通过探索实验、正交实验最后得到阳离子表面活性剂制备最佳工艺为：反应温度70—80℃;加减量是1．5％．     

Hydrophobic aggregation of ultrafine kaolinite

The hydrophobic aggregation of ultrafine kaolinite in cationic surfactant suspension was investigated by sedimentation test,zeta potential measurement and SEM observation. SEM images reveal that kaolinite particles show the self-aggregation of edge-face in acidic media,the aggregation of edge-face and edge-edge in neutral media,and the dispersion in alkaline media due to electrostatic repulsion. In the presence of the dodecylammonium acetate cationic surfactant and in neutral and alkaline suspension,the hydrophobic aggregation of face-face is demonstrated. The zeta potential of kaolinite increases with increasing the concentration of cationic surfactant. The small and loose aggregation at a low concentration but big and tight aggregation at a high concentration is presented. At pH=7 alkyl quarterly amine salt CTAB has the best hydrophobic aggregation among three cationic surfactants,namely,dodecylammonium acetate,alkyl quarterly amine salts 1227 and CTAB.     

δ-MnO2吸附染料亚甲基蓝的动力学和机理

为改善印染废水的深度处理效果,通过静态吸附试验研究δ-MnO2吸附水中阳离子染料亚甲基蓝的动力学和机理.研究混合强度、初始染料质量浓度、MnO2投量、pH和温度对吸附速率的影响,得出表观动力学方程,并考察吸附机理.结果表明:吸附过程符合表观2级动力学方程,物料传递和微孔扩散是限速步骤.试验条件下对亚甲基蓝的吸附容量可达0.244 mg/mg.较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率使δ-MnO2有望应用于印染废水深度处理.     

Gemini表面活性剂N,N’-双脂酰基乙二胺二乙磺酸钠的性能研究

采用乙烯基磺酸钠、乙二胺、高级脂肪酸等为主要原料,通过加成和酰化反应合成了一系列Gemini表面活性剂——N,N’-双脂酰基乙二胺二乙磺酸钠,考察了其表面张力、乳化性、增溶性和泡沫性等,并与传统表面活性剂进行了比较。结果表明,N,N’-双辛酰基乙二胺二乙磺酸钠（DTM-8）、N,N’-双癸酰基乙二胺二乙磺酸钠（DTM-10）、N,N’-双月桂酰基乙二胺二乙磺酸钠（DTM-12）的临界胶束浓度（cmc）分别为2.0,0.5,0.4 mmol/L,比传统表面活性剂低约一个数量级;临界胶束浓度下的表面张力分别为35.0,26.7,20.8 mN/m。DTM-8,DTM-10,DTM-12对正己烷的最大增溶量分别为0.85,0.87,0.91,高于十二烷基苯磺酸钠（0.64）和十二烷基三甲基氯化铵（0.68）;表面活性剂的乳化能力,起泡性和稳泡性均随着烷酰基碳链的增长而增强。     

微孔结构阳离子改性涤纶的微观结构对其性能的影响

研究涤纶纤维微观结构对纤维性能的影响。选用不同截面形状、线密度、功能性的微孔结构阳离子改性涤纶与未改性涤纶作对比实验。从纤维的密度、吸湿性、强伸度、染色性能等宏观数据分析改性后纤维的微观结构对其性能的影响。结果表明:微孔结构阳离子改性涤纶由于通过3,5-双苯磺酸钠(SIPE)和聚乙二醇(PEG)的化学改性,纤维中添加了一定的亲水基团且结晶度有所降低,纤维回潮率有所升高,同时纤维的微孔结构的表面形态使纤维的密度、强度和初始模量有所下降,纤维改性后可以在常压下用分散染料进行上染。     

超分子化合物CdBr4（DPT）的合成与结构表征

用正溴丁烷和4,4’-联吡啶合成了新型的有机阳离子──1,1’-二丁基-4,4’-联吡啶(DPT.Br2),有机阳离子DPT.Br2又与金属盐CdBr2组装成了结构新颖的单核超分子化合物CdBr4(DPT)。通过红外光谱、荧光光谱、X-衍射仪等,表征了CdBr4(DPT)的光谱特征,并解出了其晶体结构。     

Soap‐free cationic emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate with comonomer in the presence of alcohols

Preparation of a cationic polymer latex of styrene and butyl acrylate with comonomer N,N‐dimethyl, N‐butyl,N‐methacryloloxylethyl ammonium bromide (DBMEA) was carried out by soap‐free emulsion polymerization. The effect of reaction conditions such as the ratio of methanol to water, DBMEA concentration, AIBA concentration and ionic strength on properties of copolymer particles was studied. The results showed that the average diameter (D_w) decreased with increasing of AIBA and DBMEA concentration; D_w decreased first then increased with increasing of methanol content; variation of the ionic strength led to a variation in the particle number (N_p) and D_w because of the competition of two kinds of nucleation mechanisms. The same trend was found in the polymerization taking in pure water. The MWD was bimodal during the particle growth period. These results suggest that the particles can be generated through two particle‐formation mechanisms, micelle nucleation and homogeneous nucleation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2791–2797, 2003