Cs4PbI6-Mediated Synthesis of Thermodynamically Stable FA0.15Cs0.85PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

The stability issue is still one of the main limitations of the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. The mixed cation FA_xCs_1−xPbI₃ has shown great promise owing to its improved thermal and moisture stability. However, the study of FA_xCs_1−xPbI₃ is concentrated on formamidine (FA)-rich perovskite, whereas cesium (Cs)-rich FA_xCs_1−xPbI₃ perovskites are barely studied due to the inevitable phase separation when Cs > 30 mol%. Here, a Cs₄PbI₆-mediated method is developed to synthesize Cs-rich FA_xCs_1−xPbI₃ perovskites. It is demonstrated that Cs₄PbI₆ intermediate phase has a low Cs cation diffusion barrier and therefore offers a fast ion exchange with the preformed FA-rich perovskite phase to finally form the Cs-rich FA_xCs_1−xPbI₃ perovskite. The results indicate that ≈15% alloying with organic FA cations can sufficiently stabilize the perovskite phase with excellent phase and UV-irradiation stability. The FA_0.15Cs_0.85PbI₃ perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 17.5%, showing the great potential of Cs-based perovskites for efficient and stable solar cells.     

High Optical Gain of Solution-Processed Mixed-Cation CsPbBr3 Thin Films towards Enhanced Amplified Spontaneous Emission

A solution-processed thin film made of all-inorganic CsPbBr₃ perovskite is a promising candidate for low-cost and flexible green-color lasers. However, the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of solution-processed CsPbBr₃ films still experiences a high threshold owing to poor morphology and insufficient optical gain. Here, a multiple-cation doping strategy is demonstrated to develop compact, smooth thin films of Cs_0.87(FAMA)_0.13PbBr₃/(NMA)₂PbBr₄ (FA: formamidinium; MA: methylammonium; NMA: naphthylmethylammonium) with a record high net modal optical gain of ≈ 3030 cm⁻¹ and low propagation loss of 1.0 cm⁻¹. The FA and MA cations improve the crystallization kinetics to form continuous films, and the NMA cations reduce the grain dimension, increase film dispersibility/uniformity, and enhance spatial confinement to promote optical gain. Room-temperature ASE is demonstrated under a low threshold of ≈ 3.8  µ J cm⁻² without degradation after four months of storage in glove box or excitation by 3 × 10⁷ laser pulses. These findings provide insights into enhancing the optical gain and lowering the threshold of perovskite lasers in terms of molecular synthesis and microstructure engineering.     

气相催化丙酸与甲醛缩合反应制甲基丙烯酸

采用等体积浸渍法制备一系列Cs负载催化剂,采用XRD、ICP和物理吸附等对催化剂进行表征。在固定床反应器中进行气相催化丙酸与甲醛羟醛缩合反应制备甲基丙烯酸,以多聚甲醛解聚液为甲醛源头,考察载体种类、Cs负载量、铯源、反应温度及载气流速等对催化剂催化性能的影响。结果表明,较优的工艺条件为:反应温度340℃,活性组分Cs负载质量分数10%,丙酸与甲醛物质的量比1∶2,载气N2流速60 mL·min^(-1),此条件下,催化剂具有较好的催化活性,甲基丙烯酸收率为26%,甲基丙烯酸选择性为90.4%。     

Theoretical study of the adsorption of Cs,Cs+, I,I−, and CsI on C60 fullerene

Theoretical investigation for the adsorption of the cesium atom (Cs), the cesium iodide molecule (CsI), the iodine atom (I), the cesium cation (Cs⁺), and the iodide anion (I^?) onto the surface of a single fullerene molecule (C₆₀) are reported. A hybrid exchange–correlation functional using the Coulomb-attenuating method (CAM-B3LYP) is employed. The adsorption energies, i.e., the opposite of enthalpy change through adsorption, are calculated to be 143, 12, 9, 46, and 49 kJ mol^?1 for Cs, CsI, I, Cs⁺, and I^?, respectively. The equilibrium constant for Cs is calculated to be 7×10³ atm^?1 at the temperature of 1000 K and is seven orders of magnitude higher than that for CsI, indicating that the C₆₀ molecule adsorb the Cs atom highly selectively against the CsI molecule.     

中温铯热管的启动及传热性能

由于铯化学性质活泼、易发生爆炸且价格昂贵,目前对中温铯热管的研究少见报道,而以高温钠、钾及钠钾合金热管的研究为主。鉴于中温热管应用及系统学术研究的需求,本文制备了铯热管,采用高频加热器调控其热流密度、数据采集系统监测管壁沿程的温度变化,对其启动性能及传热性能展开研究。实验结果表明,铯热管的启动演变规律与钠热管类似,利用Kn=0.01计算其转折温度更为准确。当热流密度q=18.04W/cm²时,通过热管沿程温度分布可知热管实现了声速极限下的启动,绝热段温度与蒸发段温度相差30.00℃。热流密度q=69.10W/cm²时,工作温度可达600.00℃,蒸发段与绝热段最大温差小于7.00℃,且有效长度为100％,表现出优异的换热性能和均温性。     

磁性铯离子印迹聚合物的制备及其吸附性能研究

以Cs(Ⅰ)为模板离子,磁性Fe3O4@TiO2@SiO2微球为基底,羧化壳聚糖为功能单体,采用表面离子印迹技术制备并表征了铯离子印迹聚合物(Cs(Ⅰ)-MIIP),并研究了其对溶液中铯离子的吸附性能.实验结果表明,在25℃时吸附平衡时间为3h,平衡吸附量可达70.88 mg/g,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型.Cs(Ⅰ)-MIIP对铯离子的吸附选择性明显高于非印迹材料.将Cs(Ⅰ)-MIIP应用于盐湖卤水中的研究表明其对铯离子的吸附量可达5.3 mg/g,吸附率为74.65％,具有一定的应用前景.     

利用盐湖地区高含泥提钾尾矿制备Y型分子筛

以青海盐湖地区高含泥提钾尾矿为起始原料,在无额外添加硅铝源的条件下,采用水热合成法及"液相转移"技术成功制备出纯度较高的Y型分子筛.通过X-射线荧光光谱(XRF),红外光谱(IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)等手段对材料进行了表征,并考察了材料对水溶液中Cs+的吸附性能.结果表明,盐湖高含泥提钾尾矿是制备Y型分子筛的合适前驱体.该材料对低浓度溶液中的Cs+具有较好的吸附效果.     

Temporal changes in vertical distribution of 137Cs in litter and soils in mixed deciduous forests in Fukushima,Japan

Downward migration of ¹³⁷Cs in soils was studied in three mixed deciduous forests c.a. 40 km northwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power plant (FDNPP), Japan. We selected three different types of forest regarding to environmental condition such as slope inclinations and snow coverage conditions at the time of deposition. We examined temporal changes in the vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs from litter layers to 10 cm soil depth for two years (2.3 to 4.3 years after the FDNPP accident in 2011). At all three study sites, the ¹³⁷Cs in the litter layer had largely migrated to surface soil by 2013. After 2014, about 80% of the ¹³⁷Cs in forest soils (litter layer to 10 cm soil depth) remained within 0–5 cm soil layer. The vertical distribution had not changed substantially since 2014, suggesting that changes to the downward migration rates of ¹³⁷Cs in soils drastically decreased with time. In addition, small amounts of migrating ¹³⁷Cs could not be detected by the present method because there was a large spatial variation in the distribution of soil ¹³⁷Cs. The results showed similar patterns of soil ¹³⁷Cs distribution among the three study sites although there were differences in the environmental conditions.     

Analysis of Cs-adsorption behavior using a column filled with microcapsule beads of potassium copper hexacyanoferrate

Ash-washing technology is a crucially important technology for removing radioactive Cs from contaminated ash. For that technology, Cs⁺ removal from the ash-washing solution by the adsorbent is necessary. This study was conducted to establish rapid preparation of appropriate adsorption columns for Cs⁺ uptake. A one-site model was not used for analysis because the model cannot accommodate sites with different adsorption speed. Results demonstrated that the adsorption behavior of the column filled with the granules of potassium copper hexacyanoferrate was well reproduced by a two-site adsorption model with parameters chosen through analysis of batch adsorption test results.     

Oxygen Potential of Cs2U4O12/Cs2U4O13 Equilibrium

A batch distillation of tritiated water (～10 nCi/cm³) has been performed in a packed column 1.6cm inner diameter x 100 cm high. Packings were Dixon rings made of SUS. Time variations of tritium activity were measured by changing vapor flow rate within the column, and then the separative performances, such as the separation factors and the separative power per unit charge, were obtained. The maximum values of the total separation factor and the separative power per unit charge were 1.45 and 2.0x10^?2, respectively. The vapor flow rate from the reboiler decreases as the batch operation proceeds, so that a simulation with a fixed stage-number, the usual case, could not sufficiently predict the experimental values. We have therefore developed a simulation procedure where the number of hypothetical stages can be changed during the batch operation in order to predict the dynamic column behavior obtained from the experiments. The simulation result with the variable stage-number agreed with the experimental one.