高温烟气中煤焦气化行为

针对高温烟气中煤焦的气化行为,本文采用FactSage 6.1计算了煤焦在高温烟气下的高温反应特性,并利用热重分析仪分析了煤焦气化行为。通过沉降炉实验进一步研究了不同温度、气体配比、粒径条件下气体产物的动态析出特性,同时计算了评价指标α、β、LHV值。结果表明：随着温度的升高,气体产物H₂和CO的含量增加,β、α、LHV值增大,CH₄和CO₂的含量下降。在温度为1200℃时,β、α值分别由CO₂/CO比为10∶70时的10.80%、5.21%增加到CO₂/CO比为50∶30时的24.71%、41.06%。同时,随着CO₂/CO比值的增大,高温烟气对煤焦气化反应抑制减弱。通过对比反应温度和粒径对煤焦气化反应的影响,得出反应温度远大于粒径对煤焦气化反应的影响。通过实验验证了向高温烟气中喷吹煤焦制备高品质可燃气体方法的可行性。     

油页岩矿物质催化半焦燃烧特性及机理

利用微型流化床反应分析仪(MFBRA)研究了油页岩矿物质催化半焦燃烧特性,重点考察了半焦内部矿物质和外部页岩灰床料对半焦燃烧的催化作用,揭示了流化床反应器中半焦燃烧过程和机理。结果表明:内部矿物质和外部床料对半焦燃烧均具有明显催化作用,而两者共同催化效果最为显著。矿物质中CaO和Fe₂O₃对半焦燃烧具有催化活性,CaO催化作用强于Fe₂O₃。油页岩半焦燃烧反应活化能在60.41～78.97 kJ/mol之间,矿物质的催化作用会明显降低反应活化能。流化床反应器中,矿物质对半焦燃烧的催化作用主要表现在四个反应,即:挥发分裂解和燃烧、半焦表面炭燃烧、半焦内部炭燃烧以及一氧化碳燃烧。     

Drying of Sewage Sludge During Composting in an Updraft Dryer with the Concept of Using Self-Energy Generated Within the System

An innovative technology for sewage treatment systems is proposed. A mixture of sewage sludge and char particle is subjected to drying in the progress of composting in an updraft column. Exothermic heat generated during composting is utilized for energy of sludge drying. The char particle in the mixture contributes to enhancement of composting and drying rate. This study presents drying and composting behaviors of sludge to examine the effect of char addition. A fundamental drying experiment was carried out by hot-air heating of the sample in a small vessel. The drying characteristic curve for a mixture of sludge and char was greater than the sample of only sludge over a whole period if the drying rates were compared with the same moisture content. The drying behavior could be analyzed with a reasonable agreement by the water front receding model. The enhancement effect of drying and composting of sludge by char addition was confirmed by examination using a pilot scale of the updraft column whose volume was 50 m³. Sludge with 400% dry base (80% wet base) in moisture content could be dried successfully to lower moisture content than 67% dry base (40% wet base) only by exothermic heat during composting without supplying any auxiliary energy from the outside, and the treatment time was reduced by mixing char in sludge. The behavior was analyzed with a satisfactory agreement by a theoretical model employing moisture diffusion parameters determined from the drying characteristic curve.     

煤焦直接还原法脱除NO_x几种因素对脱除率的影响

在实验室模拟工业烟气组成将烟气通入固定床反应器与改性煤焦反应,用烟气分析仪测量NOx的含量来对比脱硝效率。实验表明:反应的最佳温度范围是450～550℃;改性煤焦的粒径在1～3 mm较为适宜;SO2、H2O的存在对反应有一定的影响;随着气速的增大,NO脱除率也随之降低,但是趋势不是很明显。实验初步认为煤焦直接还原法脱硝具有较高的脱硝效率,是一种新颖的技术思路。     

煤焦氧化对其结构和气化行为的影响

采用固定床反应器对煤焦进行部分氧化处理,然后测定氧化后煤焦在水蒸气和CO2中的气化行为,并用SEM,XRD和N2/CO2吸附对煤焦结构进行表征.结果表明,煤焦低温氧化处理可以显著改善煤焦的孔隙结构,大幅增加比表面积,降低煤焦的有序化和石墨化程度,从而提高其气化活性;并且随氧化程度( burnout)增加,煤焦气化活性不断增加.随氧化温度升高(＞600℃),氧化过程逐渐过渡到扩散控制,O2主要在煤焦外表面反应,因而氧化几乎不会改变煤焦的结构,表面积略有增加,对其后续气化活性无明显影响.     

生物质炭化原料选择及需热量分析

从生物质原料的工业分析结果和木质素含量两个角度出发,分析了二者对生物质炭化的影响.对生物质炭化原料进行选择,认为木材类生物质适合作为生物质炭化的原料,可加强对树木枝条、锯末及薪炭林的炭化;为实现生物质炭化的工业化,还应设计利用烟气余热等热源来热解生物质的换热器,这项设计需知道生物质热解需热量.运用热重-差示扫描(TG-DSC)同步热分析仪对选用的木屑进行热解实验并利用DSC曲线对木屑炭化需热量进行分析.结果表明,木屑炭化终温为500℃时(初始温度为40℃),需热量为491kJ/kg.提出DSC曲线在工业用热解换热器传热设计和校核中的应用方法.     

高物质的量比低游离酚热塑性酚醛树脂的合成工艺

为降低耐火材料用酚醛树脂中游离酚的含量,选择苯酚与甲醛物质的量比1∶1.5,分步加入甲醛,醋酸锌为催化剂,添加质量分数2%,糠醇为溶剂,在60～85℃下制备了液态热塑性酚醛树脂,对产品的物化性能进行了测试并以红外光谱对其结构作了表征。结果表明,该工艺合成的酚醛树脂存在高邻位取代结构,残炭量达到45.66%,游离酚质量分数为1.87%。以原料中苯酚的量计算,产率可达到148.8%。     

褐煤与大豆荚共热解的产物特性分析

利用自制的低温热解装置研究褐煤与大豆荚共热解的产物特性,考察大豆荚掺混比和催化剂Fe₂O₃对热解产物特性的影响。通过FT-IR、GC-MS、SEM-EDX和UV-vis分析共热解产物的性质,并将半焦用于亚甲基蓝吸附实验。研究结果表明：掺混比30%时,共热解焦油的产率达到最大值11.98%,比煤焦油产率增加44.86%,与计算值的正偏差最大（0.8%）,同时,大豆荚的添加有促进焦油生成的协同作用。大豆荚的添加有利于共热解焦油中含氧杂环的断裂,使共热解焦油中直链烷烃增多,芳香族化合物减少,使重质组分转化为轻质组分,从而提高焦油品质;同时,大豆荚的添加使共热解半焦的含氧基团增加,微观形貌变粗糙。而Fe₂O₃的加入使共热解焦油中酚、醇类物质增加;加Fe₂O₃共热解半焦的褶皱更加明显。共热解半焦对亚甲基蓝的吸附率为33.62%,比煤半焦的吸附率提高8.84%,加Fe₂O₃共热解半焦的吸附率为55.57%,比共热解半焦提高65.29%。     

Enhancement of char‐forming and water resistance on ABS modified by poly(4‐nitrophenoxy)‐phosphazene

Poly(4‐nitrophenoxy)‐phosphazene (DPP) was used as charring and water resistance agent in Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) composites. The char‐forming capability of DPP and combustion behavior of DPP‐based ABS (ABS‐DPP) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter, respectively. TGA‐coupled Fourier transform infrared (TGA/FTIR) was used to research the releasing intensity of gaseous products during decomposition. Moreover, the char formation morphology of ABS, DPP, and ABS‐DPP were observed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The water resistance of DPP was measured by the boiled water tests, the FTIR and static water contact angle analysis. The flame properties of samples and the samples treated by boiled water were studied by LOI and UL‐94, and the tensile properties of ABS‐DPP samples were assessed by tensile testing at high temperature. The results showed that the residues yield of ABS‐DPP samples increased from 0 to more than 20% under nitrogen and from 0.7 to 3.9% under air compared with pure ABS. The combustibility of ABS was decreased by DPP; however, the water resistance of ABS was not affected. At high temperature, tensile strength of ABS‐DPP decreased and the elongation at break enhanced with the addition of DPP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45988.