Thermal and crystallization characteristics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with poly(oxybenzoate‐p‐trimethylene terephthalate) copolymer

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was blended with two different poly(oxybenzoate‐p‐trimethylene terephthalate) copolymers, designated T28 and T64, with the level of copolymer varying from 1 to 15 wt %. All samples were prepared by solution blending in a 60/40 (by weight) phenol/tetrachloroethane solvent at 50°C. The crystallization behavior of the samples was studied by DSC. The results indicate that both T28 and T64 accelerated the crystallization rate of PET in a manner similar to that of a nucleating agent. The acceleration of PET crystallization rate was most pronounced in the PET/T64 blends with a maximum level at 5 wt % of T64. The melting temperatures for the blends are comparable to that of pure PET. The observed changes in crystallization behavior are explained by the effect of the physical state of the copolyester during PET crystallization as well as the amount of copolymer in the blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1599–1606, 2002     

Distributions of Crystal Size from DSC Melting Traces for Polyethylenes

Melting curves, obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, are used to estimate crystal size distributions. The proposed theoretical analysis is applied to different types of polyethylene, including high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), metallocene catalyzed linear low‐density polyethylenes (m‐LLDPE), blends of m‐LLDPEs, and Ziegler‐Natta catalyzed LLDPEs (ZN‐LLDPE). Theoretical predictions are in agreement with experimental results. A generalized melting temperature equation successfully predicts the melting temperatures of all the LLDPEs, although it was initially proposed for homogeneous copolymers with excluded comonomers. A new definition of the heat of fusion for pure crystals is proposed. This heat of fusion can be calculated from the average crystal size or the crystal size number distribution.     

Nonionic water‐soluble polymer: Preparation,characterization, and application of poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) as a polychelatogen

The free‐radical copolymerization of water‐soluble poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) was carried out with a feed monomer ratio of 75:25 mol %, and the total monomer concentration was 2.67M. The synthesis of the copolymer was carried out in dioxane at 70°C with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The copolymer composition was obtained with elemental analysis and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. The water‐soluble polymer was characterized with elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. Additionally, viscosimetric measurements of the copolymer were performed. The thermal behavior of the copolymer and its complexes were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry techniques under a nitrogen atmosphere. The copolymer showed high thermal stability and a glass transition in the DSC curves. The separation of various metal ions by the water‐soluble poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) reagent in the aqueous phase with liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention was investigated. The method was based on the retention of inorganic ions by this polymer in a membrane filtration cell and subsequent separation of low‐molar‐mass species from the polymer/metal‐ion complex formed. Poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) could bind metal ions such as Cr(III), Co(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) in aqueous solutions at pHs 3, 5, and 7. The retention percentage for all the metal ions in the polymer was increased at pH 7, at which the maximum retention capacity could be observed. The interaction of inorganic ions with the hydrophilic polymer was determined as a function of the pH and filtration factor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 178–185, 2006     

郑州地区粉土承载力确定方法的探讨

结合郑州地区典型岩土工程勘察实例,分析了以往采用理论公式计算法、参数查表法、静力触探参数计算法和载荷试验法等粉土承载力确定方法,探讨其中所存在的局限性。粉土承载力与原位测试值呈近似线性关系,而与土工试验参数相关性相对较差。提出了用原位测试法如标准贯入（SPT）和静力触探（CPT）等确定郑州地区粉土承载力的地域性经验公式。     

带积分边界条件的二阶微分方程三个正解的存在性

运用不动点定理,研究了一类带积分边界条件的二阶微分方程三个正解的存在性．推广了以前的结果．     

一类离散Markov跳跃系统基于状态观测器的鲁棒H_∞控制

研究了具有不确定性的模式依赖时滞离散Markov跳跃系统基于状态观测器的鲁棒H∞控制问题。目的是构建依赖于系统模式的观测器和控制器,使得闭环系统是随机稳定的且具有较好的H∞干扰抑制性能。通过选取合适的随机Lyapunov函数,利用线性矩阵不等式,给出了鲁棒H∞控制器存在的时滞依赖条件。基于锥补线性化算法对控制器进行求解,得到了模式依赖观测器和控制器。最后通过数值仿真证明了本文方法的可行性。     

牙轮钻头强化用YQ4堆焊层组织性能研究

利用自主开发Ni-Cr-B-Si-Cu合金粉研制了YQ4堆焊焊条,采用氧乙炔堆焊工艺制作了堆焊试样,利用剪切实验测试了堆焊层强度,冲击磨料磨损实验测试了试样的耐磨性,利用扫描电子显微镜观察了断口显微组织特征.实验结果表明:YQ4硬质合金堆焊层中过渡层组织细小,耐磨层中脆性硬质合金相上均匀分布了韧性微孔结构低熔点合金,硬质合金分布致密、均匀、多层堆垛,基体与过渡层以及硬质合金之间结合良好,平均剪切强度600 MPa,高于牙轮钻头工作要求,抗冲击磨料磨损能力提高近2倍,在组织与性能上都满足牙轮钻头齿面强化要求.     

不确定性线性系统的H_∞输出反馈鲁棒重复控制

为了抑制乘性不确定性线性系统中的外部扰动,提出了一种重复控制器与输出反馈控制器参数同时优化的方法.引入一个假想摄动将系统的扰动抑制问题归结为具有结构型摄动的系统鲁棒稳定性问题.根据小增益定理得到该结构型摄动系统鲁棒稳定性的充分条件.引入一个稳定的定标阵,得到该结构型摄动系统低保守性的鲁棒稳定性充分条件.基于该充分条件和线性矩阵不等式方法(LMI)、锥补线性化方法(CCL),提出的迭代算法可以同时计算出重复控制器中低通滤波器剪切频率的最大值及其对应的输出反馈控制器的参数.最后,低频线振动台系统验证了该方法的有效性。     

Wrinkling of epoxy powder coatings

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical profilometry were used to study wrinkle formation in curing epoxy powder coatings. Powder coating formulations were studied that contained solid epoxy resins, methylene disalicylic acid (MDSA) crosslinker, and an amine‐blocked Lewis acid catalyst. Both the crosslinker (MDSA) and the amine‐blocked catalyst are required for wrinkle formation. Evaporation of the blocking amine from the free surface of the coating generated a depthwise gradient in the extent of polymerization and crosslinking, and hence in the degree of solidification, as evidenced by the formation of a mechanical skin prior to wrinkling. It is hypothesized that compressive elastic stress develops in the still swellable skin when unreacted low‐molecular‐weight material from beneath diffuses up into the monomer‐ or oligomer‐depleted crosslinking skin and swells it. This compressive stress, if above a critical value, buckles the skin to produce wrinkles. Experimentally observed compositional requirements for wrinkle formation were consistent with the proposed mechanism. The size of the wrinkles can be controlled by varying formulation parameters such as the amount of catalyst or crosslinker. Increasing the amount of catalyst decreased both the wavelength and the amplitude of the wrinkle pattern. Increasing the amount of crosslinker initially increased the amplitude of the wrinkles; after reaching a maximum level, the wrinkle amplitude decreased. DSC was a useful tool to understand the critical reactions responsible for wrinkling in this system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 116–129, 2005     

Influence of titanium dioxide on crystallization behavior of an ethylene–propylene copolymer

Crystallization of an ethylene–propylene copolymer (E/P) filled with diverse weight percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was performed under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions to investigate the influence of the inorganic substance on the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the matrix. The overall and radial crystallization rates of the composite materials were measured using, respectively, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical microscopy. The nucleation density of E/P spherulites as a function of composition was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing a nucleating effect of TiO₂. A comparison between the spherulitic texture of specimens showed a higher fineness of the composites relative to the neat matrix, whereas no changes of surface nucleation density were appreciable among composites within the explored compositional range. The thermal behavior is discussed in the light of the enhanced thermal conductivity of polymer composites, which conciliates the crystallization kinetics of the matrix, analyzed using the Avrami equation, to optical and SEM observations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3409–3416, 2003