2016~2019年吉林省食源性金黄色葡萄球菌监测数据分析

目的 探究2016~2019年吉林省食源性金黄色葡菌球菌污染现状。方法 采集2016~2019年吉林省9个地(市)级的餐厅、超市和零售市场等地点食品样本,共计2824件,根据GB 4789.10-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》进行测定,采用率、构成比和X2检验的方法对检出率进行统计描述和分析。结果 2016~2019共监测样本2824份,总检出率2.02%;9个地区中白城市总检出率最高（4.59%）,其次为四平市（3.82%）,白山市总检出率最低（0.51%）;13类食品中有8类食品检出金黄色葡萄球菌,分别为焙烤及油炸类食品、餐饮食品、调味品、豆制品、冷冻饮品、肉及肉制品、乳与乳制品和速冻米面食品,其中速冻米面食品中金黄色葡萄球菌检出率最高（9.00%）;餐饮服务环节阳性检出率为2.45%（22/898）,流通环节阳性检出率为1.87%（36/1928）;CFU(colony forming units,平板计数法)法测得金黄色葡萄球菌检出结果的中位数[四分位数间距]为5.29[2.65~7.94] CFU/g(mL),MPN(Most Probable Number,最大可能数法)法测得金黄色葡萄球菌检出结果的中位数[四分位数间距]为1.53[0.76~5.29]MPN/g(mL)。结论 2016~2019年吉林省各地市食品中金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况普遍存在,其中白城市污染相对严重,吉林省所有食品类别中,速冻米面制品污染相对严重,应给予高度重视,餐饮服务环节和流通环节还需加强监管。     

肉猪养殖和屠宰环节沙门菌污染状况监测分析

目的 了解开封市肉猪养殖屠宰加工过程中沙门菌的污染状况.方法 采集不同来源的养殖场猪混合粪便、成年猪肛拭子、胴体涂抹物、肠系膜淋巴结样本,共187份,按照GB 4789.4-2010进行沙门菌的分离和鉴定.结果 猪混合粪便沙门菌检出率为4.5％,肛拭子沙门菌的检出率为16.4％,胴体涂抹物沙门菌检出率为34.5％,肠系膜淋巴结沙门菌检出率为27.3％.不同季节的检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).阳性分离株分布于沙门菌的5个群,共14个血清型,以阿贡纳沙门菌和德尔卑沙门菌为主.结论 屠宰环节是沙门菌交叉污染的关键点,应采取综合措施,有效控制猪肉沙门菌污染.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected microalgae and cyanobacteria

In vitro activity of nine cyanobacterial and ten microalgal newly isolated or culture collection strains against eight significant food‐borne pathogens has been evaluated and compared. Water extracts and culture liquids of Gloeocapsa sp. and Synechocystis sp. demonstrated the widest spectrum of activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 mg mL^?1. Culture liquid of Anabaena sp. had the highest activity (MIC = 0.39 mg mL^?1) but only to Gram‐positive bacteria. Ethanol extracts and fatty acids from all cyanobacteria and microalgae were active against Streptococcus pyogenes and/or Staphylococcus aureus. The fatty acids of Synechocystis sp. inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (MIC values of 2.5–1.25 mg mL^?1, respectively). Exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Gloeocapsa sp. were the sample that exhibited activity against all test pathogens with lowest MIC values (0.125–1 mg mL^?1). High activity with a narrower range of susceptible targets demonstrated the exopolysaccharides of Synechocystis sp. and Rhodella reticulata. Antimicrobial activity was proven for phycobiliproteins isolated from Synechocystis sp., Arthrospira fusiformis, Porphyridium aerugineum and Porphyridium cruentum, respectively. In conclusion Gloeocapsa sp. and Synechocystis sp. and especially their exopolysaccharides showed the most promising potential against the examined food pathogens.     

Strain variability of the behavior of foodborne bacterial pathogens: A review

Differences in phenotypic responses among strains of the same microbial species constitute an important source of variability in microbiological studies, and as such they need to be assessed, characterized and taken into account. This review provides a compilation of available research data on the strain variability of four basic behavioral aspects of foodborne bacterial pathogens including: (i) virulence; (ii) growth; (iii) inactivation; and (iv) biofilm formation. A particular emphasis is placed on the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. The implications of strain variability for food safety challenge studies and microbial risk assessment are discussed also. The information provided indicates that the variability among strains of foodborne bacterial pathogens with respect to their behavior can be significant and should not be overlooked. However, in order for the mechanisms underlying the observed strain variability to be elucidated and understood, phenotypic variability data, such as those reviewed here, should be evaluated in conjunction with corresponding findings of studies assessing the molecular/physiological basis of this variability.     

云南省食品中金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性和mecA基因的检测及分析

目的调查2010—2016年云南省不同食品中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的抗生素耐药情况,了解多重耐药(MDR,即耐3类或3类以上抗生素)菌株和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分布以及mecA基因的携带率,为有效防控金黄色葡萄球菌食物中毒和临床感染提供基础数据及参考。方法采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪、GPI鉴定卡及AST-GP67进行药敏试验,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法进行mecA基因检测。结果 325株金黄色葡萄球菌分离株耐药率为92.00%(299/325),前3位的分别是青霉素G(88.00%,286/325)、四环素(43.38%,141/325)、红霉素(40.92%,133/325),未检出耐喹奴普汀/达福普汀、万古霉素、力奈唑烷和替加环素的耐药株;MDR菌株检出率为47.69%(155/325),MRSA检出率为13.23%(43/325)。不同食品对青霉素G、四环素和呋喃妥因的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);餐饮食品、肉与肉制品、速冻米面制品中均检出九重耐药菌株;MRSA在水产品中占33.33%(1/3),肉与肉制品占17.89%(17/95),焙烤食品占16.67%(3/18),乳与乳制品占14.29%(3/21),餐饮食品占12.41%(17/137),速冻米面制品占5.71%(2/35),差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),婴幼儿食品、冷冻饮品和豆制品未检出MRSA。不同年份分离株对环丙沙星、莫西沙星和复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2012—2015年均检出九重耐药株;2015年MRSA占比为20.00%(12/60),2014年占16.47%(14/85),2013年占14.12%(12/85),2012年占6.82%(3/44),2011年占10.00%(2/20),2010和2016年未检出MRSA。43株MRSA药敏试验显示耐药率最高的主要为青霉素G(100.00%,43/43),呈多重耐药性,未检出耐万古霉素的MRSA,mecA基因的检出率为37.21%(16/43)。结论食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的分布、抗生素耐药变化和发展趋势值得关注,有利于食源性疾病防治和指导临床合理选用抗生素,延缓细菌耐药株的产生。     

The effect of NaCl-free processing and high pressure on the fate of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on sliced smoked dry-cured ham

NaCl is an important multifunctional ingredient applied in dry-cured ham elaboration. However, its excessive intake has been linked to serious cardiovascular diseases causing a recent increase in the development of reduced salt products. In the present study Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella, food-borne pathogens which can cross-contaminate post processed products, were spiked with < 100 CFU/g on slices of both standard (S) and NaCl-free processed (F) (elaborated with KCl + potassium lactate instead of NaCl) smoked dry-cured ham. Although L. monocytogenes and Salmonella counts decreased faster in S ham, pathogens were present in both types of non-pressure treated ham during the entire refrigerated storage period (112 days). Pressurisation at 600 MPa for 5 min caused the elimination of both pathogens in S ham after 14 days. In contrast, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were present in F ham until days 28 and 56, respectively, indicating that the NaCl-free processed dry-cured ham had lower stability than standard smoked dry-cured ham.     

Reductionin Listeria monocytogenes,Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro and on tomato by sophorolipid and sanitiser as affected by temperature and storage time

Increased consumption of produce by consumers has been attributed to perceived health benefits of postharvest produce. Pathogen control is crucial because periodic occurrences and contamination of tomato and leafy greens have exacerbated food safety risks for consumers. We investigated the effects of temperatures (5 and 25 °C), storage time (30 min and 24 h) for inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by sophorolipid (SL‐p) produced fermentatively using palmitic acid as a co‐substrate at different concentrations in vitro. Reduction in pathogenic bacteria on grape tomato by SL‐p, sanitiser (Lovit) and combinations of SL‐p and sanitiser was determined. Temperature and storage time significantly (P < 0.05) affected pathogen inactivations by SL‐p as pathogen reductions were greater at 25 °C and 24 h than at 5 °C and 30 min of storage. L. monocytogenes was the most sensitive to SL‐p treatment as reductions of 5 log relative to untreated controls were attained at 0.12% of SL‐p. Significant reductions in S. enterica (1.91–3.85 logs) and E. coli O157:H7 (0.87–4.09 logs) were recorded at 2–5% of SL‐p. Lower populations of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were inactivated than L. monocytogenes. On grape tomato, pathogen populations inactivated increased at higher SL‐p levels at 25 °C. Sanitiser and sanitiser + SL‐p reduced bacterial populations on tomato by 5.29–5.76 logs and 0.71–3.3.66 logs, respectively. These results imply the interactions of temperature, storage time and SL‐p significantly (P < 0.05) affected pathogen strain reductions. The combination of SL‐p with sanitiser led to synergistic effect on E. coli O157:H7, but not L. monocytogenes and S. enterica.     

辐照技术对食源性病原菌的影响研究

食源性病原菌,指在食品加工和流通过程中引入的病原菌,是引发食源性疾病的重要因素。这些病原菌以食品作为载体进行传播,一定程度上增加了某些食源性疾病爆发的可能,而传统的控制措施抑菌效果有限,当务之急是寻求革新的食品杀菌技术。食品辐照技术作为一种高新的冷杀菌技术,具有安全、无污染等优点,近年来在保障食品质量安全方面发挥的作用也引起了社会的高度重视,关于辐照技术对食品中病原菌致死作用的系统描述相对较少。本文结合国内外关于食品辐照灭菌的研究报道,综述了辐照技术的发展、辐照技术控制食品病原菌进展、辐照杀菌机制以及影响辐照灭菌效果的主要因素,并对该技术存在的问题和未来的研究进行了探讨,以期为进一步预防和控制食源性疾病提供新的思路。     

等温扩增技术在食源性致病菌检测中的应用进展

等温扩增技术是近年来迅速发展的一类核酸扩增技术。相比于PCR,该技术具有高特异性、高敏感性、简单、便捷及低成本的特点。目前,核酸等温扩增技术在感染性疾病的诊断、基因多态性分析、疫情防治等方面已经有广泛应用,也有文献报道了其在细菌、病毒等病原体检测方面的应用。食源性致病菌和环境中的病原体检测等领域中,等温扩增技术展现了广阔的应用潜力,有望发展成为食源性致病菌检测的重要方法。本文综合国内外文献报道,对环介导等温扩增、依赖解旋酶等温扩增、依赖核酸序列等温扩增、切刻内切酶核酸恒温扩增、交叉引物等温扩增、链置换等温扩增、SmartAmp技术等一系列等温扩增技术的原理、特性及其在食源性致病菌检测中的应用情况做一综述,从而为该技术在食源性致病菌检测的实际应用中提供参考和依据。     

Postharvest ozone application for the preservation of fruits and vegetables

Vegetables and fruits have been recognized as a healthy and nutritive value food, with both a noticeable rise in consumption nowadays and greater frequency of foodborne illnesses associated with fresh produce. Current sanitation disinfectants fail to adequately control common spoilage microorganisms as well as potential harmful human pathogens. Alternative and effective disinfectants are being sought, with ozone being a viable alternative to traditional disinfectants. Despite the considerable commercial interest that ozone has attracted, several contradictions regarding the ozone efficiency are often found in the literature and further research is still needed to explore its potential application in the food industry as sanitizer.