Implications of climate change predictions for UK cropping and prospects for possible mitigation: a review of challenges and potential responses

The UK, like the rest of the world, is confronting the impacts of climate change. Further changes are expected and they will have a profound effect on agriculture. Future crop production will take place against increasing CO₂ levels and temperatures, decreasing water availability, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. This review contributes to research on agricultural practices for climate change, but with a more regional perspective. The present study explores climate change impacts on UK agriculture, particularly food crop production, and how to mitigate and build resilience to climate change by adopting and/or changing soil management practices, including fertilisation and tillage systems, new crop adoption and variety choice. Some mitigation can be adopted in the shorter term, such as changes in crop type and reduction in fertiliser use, but in other cases the options will need greater investment and longer adaptation period. This is the case for new crop variety development and deployment, and possible changes to soil cultivations. Uncertainty of future weather conditions, particularly extreme weather, also affect decision‐making for adoption of practices by farmers to ensure more stable and sustainable production. Even when there is real potential for climate change mitigation, it can sometimes be more difficult to accomplish with certainty on‐farm. Better future climate projections and long‐term investments will be required to create more resilient agricultural systems in the UK in the face of climate change challenges. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

2011~2015年保山市食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解保山市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况, 为监督管理提供科学依据。方法 2011~2015年按照《食品安全风险监测方案》样品采样要求抽样9类, 1404份食品样品。根据《食源性致病菌检验标准操作程序》方法对抽取的样品进行蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌等12种致病菌监测。结果 2011~2015年间检测样品中, 阳性样品83份, 检出6种食源性致病菌85株, 致病菌污染率为5.91%, 其中蜡样芽孢杆菌检出率最高为19.63%。不同年份食源性致病菌污染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。9类食品中婴幼儿食品及餐饮食品致病菌污染率最高, 分别为17.27%、14.81%; 散装食品致病菌污染率7.92%, 高于预包装食品3.28%(P<0.001); 第3季度的致病菌污染率为10.2%, 显著高于其他季度(P<0.008); 餐饮服务环节6种致病菌总污染率高于流通环节及生产加工环节。结论 保山市食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染, 食品安全监管部门应加强食品安全监督管理, 重点对散装食品进行监测监督, 在污染率高的第3季度及餐饮服务环节加强监管。     

2015年分离自中国大陆食品的1 070株沙门菌耐药性分析

目的 了解我国2015年食源性沙门菌的耐药状况及mcr-1基因在硫酸粘菌素(conlistin,CT)耐药菌株中的分布情况。方法 采用微量肉汤稀释法测定1 070株食源性沙门菌对10类16种抗生素的药物敏感性,采用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法检测196株CT耐药菌株中是否存在mcr-1基因。结果 71.9%(769/1 070)的沙门菌对受试的16种抗生素呈现不同程度的耐药性,其中萘啶酸(NAL)、四环素(TET)、氨苄西林(AMP)、氨苄西林/舒巴坦(SAM)4种抗生素的耐药率较高,均在40%以上,未见碳青霉烯类耐药菌株,47.5%(508/1 070)的沙门菌同时耐受3类或3类以上抗生素,表现为多重耐药,同时耐受抗生素种类最高为9类。共存在141种耐药谱,优势耐药谱型为NAL、AMP-SAM-NAL-CT和TET。196株CT耐药沙门菌检出1株携带mcr-1基因且超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性的菌株,该菌株为伦敦血清型,是所有测试菌株中唯一1株九重耐药株。部分省份沙门菌耐药率较高。生禽肉和生畜肉来源沙门菌耐药率较高,分别为80.6%(349/433)和73.5%(283/385)。结论 我国2015年食源性沙门菌整体耐药水平较高,且多重耐药情况严重,生禽畜肉是耐药沙门菌的主要来源,我国食源性沙门菌中存在携带mcr-1基因的严重耐药菌株,应引起关注。     

低聚糖拮抗食源性致病菌的研究及应用进展

食源性致病菌导致的食品安全问题已成为世界上重要的公共卫生问题之一,寻找高效且安全的天然抑菌剂引起人们的关注。目前有研究表明低聚糖类物质如果胶低聚糖、低聚壳聚糖、褐藻胶低聚糖等具有较好的抑菌效果,并且低聚糖大多来源于植物胶、甲壳动物,天然海藻多糖等自然物质,对环境污染较小;因此低聚糖能够作为潜在的天然抑菌剂被广泛应用在食品行业中,具有一定的研究意义和应用前景,已经逐渐成为食品行业新的研究热点。该研究综述了几种低聚糖对食源性致病菌的抑菌作用,并分析总结了其抑菌机制：一是低聚糖破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜,二是渗入细胞内部破坏蛋白质和核酸物质;同时展望了低聚糖在涂膜保鲜和作为食品添加剂两方面的应用,以期为进一步深入研究低聚糖的作用和在食品行业的应用提供理论参考。     

三种食源性致病菌挥发性代谢产物谱快速检测研究

主要采用固相微萃取-气质联用（SPME-GC-MS）技术,检测了副溶血弧菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌三种食源性致病菌的挥发性代谢产物谱（MVOCs）,研究其变化规律和代谢特征性产物。结果表明,65μm PDMS/DVB纤维头萃取30min效果最好,三种致病菌MVOCs谱随培养时间延长而变化,其中,两株副溶血弧菌出峰数在30h达到最大值,可检出数分别为28和31个,特征性成分为2-氯-4-（4-甲氧基苯基）-6-（4-硝基苯基）嘧啶、二叔丁基过氧化氢、3-甲基-1-丁醇等;大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在12h和8h出峰数最多,可检出数为42和47个,特征性成分分别为环十二烷、2-甲基-1-丁醇和吲嗪、3-甲基丁酸和4-甲氧基苄腈等。实验结果为寻找三种食源性致病菌挥发性标志物和快速检测提供研究基础。      

实时荧光定量PCR技术在食源性致病菌检测中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术作为一种高效的微生物定量检测法,在食品工业中具有广泛的应用前景。本文综述了实时荧光定量PCR技术检测原理,及其在食源性致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌O157∶H7、沙门氏菌和副溶血性弧菌检测中的应用。     

2015—2018年上海市浦东新区食源性疾病主动监测病原学及流行病学特征分析

目的 了解上海市浦东新区特定病原体食源性疾病的流行趋势和特征,为制定食源性疾病防控策略提供参考。方法 采集2015—2018年于上海市浦东新区开展食源性疾病主动监测的数据,2家哨点医院采集以腹泻症状为主诉感染病例的粪便或肛拭子标本,进行副溶血性弧菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、空肠弯曲菌和诺如病毒检验,同时对患者进行相关信息采集、分析。结果 共监测和采集2 871例腹泻病例的粪便或肛拭子标本,病原体总体检出率为23.55%(676/2 871),其中,诺如病毒为20.04%(97/484)、致泻大肠埃希菌为11.84%(340/2 871)、空肠弯曲菌为7.21%(68/943)、副溶血性弧菌为4.01%(115/2 871)、沙门菌为3.27%(94/2 871)、志贺菌为0.28%(8/2 871);第三季度的病原体检出率较高,呈现较明显的夏秋季高峰;可疑食物主要是混合/多种食品(41.12%,278/676),其次为水产动物及其制品(22.19%,150/676)和肉与肉制品(10.95%,74/676)。结论 诺如病毒和致泻大肠埃希菌是上海市浦东新区腹泻病例的主要病原体,应进一步完善食源性疾病主动监测,对特定病原体阳性病例开展流行病学个案调查,为开展有效防控提供技术支持。     

Effects of the indigenous microflora of minimally processed lettuce on the survival and growth of Listeria innocua

Interactions between the natural background microflora of shredded lettuce and Listeria innocua (in lieu of Listeria monocytogenes ) were studied. The effect of increasing the initial size of indigenous populations (from 10³ to 10⁶–10⁷ CFU g⁻¹) was tested for its ability to reduce L. innocua growth on shredded lettuce. Co-culture experiments were performed in model media, where bacterial isolates from the indigenous microflora were tested for possible inhibitory effects. Varying the size of the indigenous populations had no effect on L. innocua survival or growth. However, interactions with individual species and mixed populations from lettuce did affect the survival and growth of L. innocua in model media. In general, mixed populations diminished L. innocua growth. In the undiluted lettuce medium, the various species tested individually either reduced or did not affect the growth of L. innocua . However, when the medium was diluted, some species extended the survival of L. innocua . Competition between the indigenous microflora and L. innocua resided mostly with the Enterobacter spp. and not with the pseudomonads. Enterobacter cloacae was particularly effective in reducing L. innocua growth. Lactic acid bacteria also reduced L. innocua growth in undiluted media. It is concluded that interactions with the natural background microflora may play an important role in determining the dynamics of Listeria populations on shredded lettuce.