基于微生物分型的归因方法对我国归因研究的启示

食源性疾病是全球重要的公共卫生问题,尤其以微生物危害因素中致病菌导致的危害最为严重,在基于风险的食品安全管理体系下,识别优先管控的危害因素极其重要的食物来源是防控食源性疾病的前提和关键。结合微生物分型和统计建模的归因方法是国际通用的以确定不同食物来源对食源性疾病相对贡献的技术方法,目前欧美等国已经建立了频率匹配和群体遗传学两大类基于微生物分型的归因方法模型,并将其结果转化为食品安全风险管控措施制定的科学依据,而我国目前正处于食源性疾病归因方法研究的初步探索阶段。本文系统梳理了目前国际广泛应用的归因方法的方法原理和模型,结合我国食源性疾病归因研究基础和现状,提出“建方法、合数据、搭平台、强交流”四个我国下阶段食源性疾病归因体系建设的工作方向,其中研发本土化微生物分型归因模型方法是解决我国确证管控核心和防控我国食源性疾病面临的挑战,最终实现食品安全和保障人民生命健康。     

基于核酸适配体的光学纳米传感器在食源性致病菌检测中的应用

食源性疾病一直严重威胁着世界各国人民的健康,而病原菌是引起这类疾病的主要原因。快速、简单、灵敏地筛选食源性致病菌对保证食品安全具有重要意义。纳米材料因其光学特性、独特的结构和催化性能、良好的稳定性和优异的穿透性,已成为近年来光学传感研究的热门课题。作为传感器的信号转换装置和生物识别分子的负载基质,纳米材料具有比表面积大、表面自由能高、生物相容性好、表面官能团丰富等特点。适配体是通过体外筛选的短单链核酸,具有合成简单、稳定性好、亲和力高、选择性强、适用性广等优点,是生物应用中理想的分子受体。利用基于适配体的光学纳米传感器检测食源性致病菌,克服了传统检测方法的耗时费力、难以定量、不便现场检测等缺点,成为当前食源性致病菌快速检测的研究热点。因此,本文综述了食源性疾病的流行现状,基于适配体的光学纳米传感器检测食源性致病菌的最新进展,重点介绍了细菌捕获方法和传感技术,以及它们各自的优势和局限性,提出了该技术在实际应用中面临的挑战和前景,以便促进该领域的进一步发展。     

Kinome-Wide Profiling Identifies Human WNK3 as a Target of Cajanin Stilbene Acid from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.

Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a common food crop used in many parts of the world for nutritional purposes. One of its chemical constituents is cajanin stilbene acid (CSA), which exerts anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. In an effort to identify molecular targets of CSA, we performed a kinome-wide approach based on the measurement of the enzymatic activities of 252 human kinases. The serine-threonine kinase WNK3 (also known as protein kinase lysine-deficient 3) was identified as the most promising target of CSA with the strongest enzymatic activity inhibition in vitro and the highest binding affinity in molecular docking in silico. The lowest binding affinity and the predicted binding constant pKi of CSA (−9.65 kcal/mol and 0.084 µM) were comparable or even better than those of the known WNK3 inhibitor PP-121 (−9.42 kcal/mol and 0.123 µM). The statistically significant association between WNK3 mRNA expression and cellular responsiveness to several clinically established anticancer drugs in a panel of 60 tumor cell lines and the prognostic value of WNK3 mRNA expression in sarcoma biopsies for the survival time of 230 patients can be taken as clues that CSA-based inhibition of WNK3 may improve treatment outcomes of cancer patients and that CSA may serve as a valuable supplement to the currently used combination therapy protocols in oncology.     

苯噻草胺的生物活性与应用技术研究

本文在温室条件下,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苯噻草胺对稗草的生物活性以及对水稻的安全性,试验结果表明,苯噻草胺对１￣３叶期稗草有较高的生物活性,保水与否以及保水时间对其生物活性有明显的影响;苯噻草胺对移栽水稻,抛秧水稻较为安全,对１叶期直播水稻则有抑制作用,不宜使用。多点田间药效试验结果亦表明,苯噻草胺是一个安全,高效,施药适期较长的移栽稻田除稗剂。     

The influence of tillage and cropping-intensity on cereal response to nitrogen,sulfur, and phosphorus

Efficient fertilizer use is a prerequisite for achieving optimum crop yield while avoiding environmental contamination. Cereal response to nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P) were determined for 6 years under differing tillage [conventional-till (CT) vs. no-till (NT)] and intensity of cropping (cereal/fallow vs. cereal/cereal). Semidwarf white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) alternated yearly with either fallow or spring cereal [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or spring wheat] on a Typic Haploxeroll soil in a 415 mm rainfall zone. Fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (None), N only (N), N plus S (NS), and N plus S plus P (NSP). Average application rate, when applied, was 109 kg N, 18 kg S, and 11 kg P ha^–1. Average cereal yield without fertilizer was 1.82 t ha^–1. Nitrogen increased grain yield in 6 of 6, S in 4 of 6, and P in 3 of 6 years, with P and S response significant the remaining years at the 10% probability level. Average yield increases were 1.11 t ha^–1 for N, 0.93 t ha^–1 for S, and 0.47 t ha^–1 for P. The NT/CT yield ratio was 0.60, 0.75, 0.93, and 0.95 with None, N, NS, and NSP addition, respectively, indicating that N and S deficiency were more severe in no-till. Limited increase in the NT/CT ratio with P addition indicated that P deficiency was less affected by tillage. Winter wheat always yielded less under NT than CT regardless of fertility, whereas spring cereals reached equality when fertilized with NSP. Annually-cropped wheat yielded 52, 67, 89, and 90% of wheat after fallow with None, N, NS, and NSP, respectively. Thus N and S, but not P, deficiency was more intense with increased frequency of cropping. Adequate fertility was a prime prerequisite for efficient yield in all systems.     

我国秸秆收储运系统的运营模式、存在问题及发展对策

我国具有丰富的农作物秸秆资源.由于秸秆分布分散、收获季节性强,秸秆收集、储存和运输成为大规模利用的主要瓶颈.因此,如何建立合理、高效的秸秆收储运体系是秸秆生物质能产业发展必须首先解决的关键问题.通过对目前我国秸秆收储运系统的运营模式、秸秆收储运成本费用、存在问题等进行调查研究,从服务体系建设、政策和制度扶持、资金和研发投入、宣传和教育等方面提出秸秆收储运体系发展的相关建议,从而为政府制定秸秆生物质能相关政策奠定基础.     

气候变化条件下黑龙江省作物生长季潜在蒸散发量时空变化特征及其敏感性分析

潜在蒸散发量(E_(ET0))是制定农业灌溉管理制度的重要参考指标,为分析黑龙江省1964~2013年作物生长季(5~10月)的E_(ET0),首先采用Penman-Monteith法计算E_(ET0);其次利用反距离加权(IDW)法计算E_(ET0)的空间变化特征,根据改进的Mann-Kendall(M-K)法分析E_(ET0)的时间变化特征;最后利用敏感系数法分析E_(ET0)对各气象因子的敏感性。结果表明,黑龙江省作物生长季的多年平均E_(ET0)在空间上大致呈西高东低和南高北低的特征,其值变化范围为437~694mm;时间上总蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,减少率为-7.2mm/10a,其中5月份减少幅度最大,减少率为-2.9 mm/10a;E_(ET0)对相对湿度的变化最为敏感,相对湿度的增加是导致E_(ET0)减少的直接原因。     

3121份市售动物性水产品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省3121份水产品及其制品食源性致病菌污染情况, 为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。 方法 从吉林省9个地市级行政区采集市售水产品及其制品样品共3121份,包括鲜活产品、生食产品、冷冻鱼糜制品和熟制品。按照国家标准方法检测10种食源性致病菌。结果 全部3121份样本食源性致病菌总阳性检出率为2.3%(72/3121)。检出率最高为生食产品(4.6%,25/540), 其次是冷冻鱼糜制品(2.5%,23/938)和鲜活产品(1.5%,24/1556)。检出的主要致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特菌和副溶血性弧菌。副溶血性弧菌主要污染生食产品和鲜活产品,检出率分别8.9%(16/180)和6.0%(18/299)。单增李斯特菌主要污染冷冻鱼糜制品,检出率为8.6%(21/244)。熟制品致病菌检出率为0%。其他致病菌检出率很低,甚至为0%。结论 吉林省市售的水产品及其制品受到食源性致病菌的污染, 存在食源性疾病发生的风险。     

影响肉品安全的主要因素和控制措施

肉品安全俨然已成为当今社会关注的焦点,肉品安全在未来将面临巨大挑战。本文综述影响肉品安全的主要因素,主要包括农药残留、兽药残留、病原微生物等,以及保证肉品安全的控制措施。