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21.
22.
Janne Halme Minna Toivola Antti Tolvanen Peter Lund 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2006,90(7-8):872-886
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the effective charge transfer resistances of porous dye-sensitized solar cell counter electrodes prepared by low-temperature spray deposition and compression of conductive carbon and platinized Sb-doped SnO2 powders on indium tin oxide-coated plastic substrates. The charge transfer resistances were 0.5–2 and 8–13 Ω cm2, respectively, when using 3-methoxypropionitrile as the electrolyte solvent. The manufacturing method used lends itself to produce mechanically stable and even-quality electrodes in an easy and fast manner. 相似文献
23.
The formation of a low Cr-volatility and electrically conductive oxide outer layer atop an inner chromia layer via thermal oxidation is highly desirable for preventing chromium evaporation from solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) metallic interconnects at the SOFC operation temperatures. In this paper, a number of ferritic Fe–22Cr alloys with different levels of Mn and Ti as well as a Ni-based alloy Haynes 242 were cyclically oxidized in air at 800 °C for twenty 100-h cycles. No oxide scale spallation was observed during thermal cycling for any of these alloys. A mixed Mn2O3/TiO2 surface layer and/or a (Mn, Cr)3O4 spinel outer layer atop a Cr2O3 inner layer was formed for the Fe–22Cr series alloys, while an NiO outer layer with a Cr2O3 inner layer was developed for Haynes 242 after cyclic oxidation. For the Fe–22Cr series alloys, the effects of Mn and Ti contents as well as alloy purity on the oxidation resistance and scale area specific resistance were evaluated. The performance of the ferritic alloys was compared with that of Haynes 242. The mismatch in thermal expansion coefficient between the different layers in the oxide scale was identified as a potential concern for these otherwise promising alloys. 相似文献
24.
Lorenzo Bardella 《International Journal of Engineering Science》2003,41(7):741-768
We discuss the consequences of a different application of the principle the Modified Secant Method is [C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. IIb 320 (1995) 563] based on. In fact, we directly compute the second-order averages of the local fields available from the linear elastic homogenization procedure exploited in order to evaluate the effective elastic moduli. This method, which can be seen either as a simplification of the Modified Secant Method or as an extension of the Secant Method [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 26 (1979) 325], may be useful for any composite whose overall elastic constants need to be estimated by modeling the microstructure through Morphologically Representative Patterns [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 44 (1996) 307], which is for instance the case of syntactic foams [Int. J. Solids and Structures 38/40-41 (2001) 7235]. In order to show the accuracy of the proposed method, we apply it to several examples and compare its results with those obtainable by means of other analytical methods available in the literature, with numerical results of Finite Element simulations, and with experimental results. Closed-form solutions are derived for the effective yield stress of porous metals and incompressible composites reinforced with rigid spheres. 相似文献
25.
聚乙烯醇膜的阻醇及导电性能(Ⅱ)戊二醛交联聚乙烯醇膜 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为提高直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)用膜的阻醇性能,采用在渗透蒸发领域广泛使用且具有良好分离效果的聚乙烯醇(PVA)为主要材料,制备了戊二醛(GA)交联PVA膜,考察了此类膜的阻醇及质子导电能力。PVA(GA)膜的阻醇效果较目前在DMFC中广泛使用的Nation膜有显著提高,但其自身不具有质子导电能力,需外加电解质溶液以提高其电导率。 相似文献
26.
Christophe Lombard Stephane Le Doze Eric Marencak Paul-Marie Marquaire David Le Noc Grégory Bertrand François Lapicque 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2006
The paper reports the results of on-site regeneration catalytic bed of the natural gas reformer in a 5 kW PEM fuel cell system. The Ni catalyst previously poisoned by sulphur from the available natural gas, could be re-activated by injection of pure water steam, following the method developed for industrial reformers using the same metal catalyst: this method was shown to be perfectly efficient, provided no natural gas was fed during the operation. Results of the tests conducted are presented and discussed in relation to published data on S-sorption on Ni surfaces. 相似文献
27.
In this work we conceived a model of a multilayer solar cell composed by four layers of opposite conductivities: an n-type 6H-SiC used as a frontal layer to absorb high energy photons (energy gap equals 2.9 eV), a p-type Si layer, an n-type Si layer and a p-type SiGe back layer to absorb low energy photons (Si0.8Ge0.2 with an energy gap equal to 0.8 eV). The impurity concentration in every layer of the model is taken equal to 1017 cm−3 to ensure abrupt junctions inside the cell. The optical properties of the separate layers have been fitted and tabulated to be used for thin films devices numerical simulation. We developed the equations giving the minority carrier concentration and the photocurrent density in each abscissa of the model. We used Matlab software to simulate and optimize the layers thicknesses to achieve the maximum photocurrent generated under AM0 solar spectrum. The results of simulation showed that the optimized structure could deliver, assuming 105 cm/s surface recombination velocity, a photocurrent density of more than 53 mA/cm2, which represents 88.3% of the ideal photocurrent (59.99 mA/cm2) that can be generated under AM0 solar spectrum. 相似文献
28.
报道了以茈为荧光探针,探讨小剂量~(60)Co γ射线照射后小鼠胸腺细胞膜流动性的变化。结果表明,剂量在0.25-1.00Gy范围,胸腺细胞膜流动性降低与剂量之间呈明显线性关系。从0.50Gy起,辐照组荧光强度比值I_1/I_2与I_3/I_2与对照组的比较存有显著差异(P<0.05)。提示淋巴细胞膜流动性的变化可作为小剂量辐照早期效应的敏感指标。 相似文献
29.
介绍了太阳电池应用的一般要求和太阳能供电系统的组成及运行,给出了工程设计个常用的太阳电池容量计算方法,并提出太阳能供电系统运行维护注意事项。 相似文献
30.
T. D. Dzhafarov S. S. Yesilkaya N. Yilmaz Canli M. Caliskan 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2005,85(3):371-383
The effective diffusion coefficients of Cu for thermal and photodiffusion in the CdTe films have been estimated from resistivity versus duration of thermal or photoannealing curves. In the temperature range 60–200°C the effective coefficient of thermal diffusion (Dt) and photodiffusion (Dph) are described as Dt=7.3×10−7exp(−0.33/kT) and Dph=4.7×10−8exp(−0.20/kT).It is found that the diffusion doping of CdTe thin films by Cu at 400°C results in a sharp decrease of resistivity up to 7 orders of magnitude of p-type material, depending on thickness of Cu film. The comparative study of performance of CdTe(Cu)/CdS and CdTe/CdS cells has been studied. It is shown that the diffusion doping of CdTe film by Cu increases efficiency of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cells from 0.9% to 6.8%. The degradation of photovoltaic parameters of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cell, during testing under forward and reverse bias at room temperature, proceeds at a larger rate than those of CdTe/CdS cell without Cu. The degradation of performance of CdTe(Cu)/CdS cells is tentatively assigned to electrodiffusion of Cu in CdTe, resulting in redistribution of concentration of Cu-related centers in CdTe film and heterojunction region. 相似文献