多目标优化策略在精馏过程中的应用研究

针对精馏塔自由度多,能耗大,扰动复杂多变,控制和优化要求高等特点,提出了一种基于动态矩阵控制(DMC)的二层多目标优化控制策略。在实现精馏过程控制目标的前提下,设计了二层优化指标,可在有多余自由度的情况下,进行二层控制和优化,实现精馏过程质量控制目标和经济运行优化。通过对Shell多侧线精馏过程的仿真研究,验证了二层多目标优化控制策略的有效性。与DMC控制相比,二层多目标优化控制策略可以明显改善精馏塔运行的经济性,实现增加收益的目标。     

基于软测量的化工精馏过程推断控制策略

针对化工精馏过程产品成分无法在线检测及其用温度间接控制产品成分的常规控制策略存在着控制精度低的问题,提出基于软测量的精馏过程成分非线性串级推断控制策略。该控制策略首先提出核岭回归的实时软测量方法,即利用满足Mercer条件的核函数改进线性岭回归算法,实现精馏过程产品成分的在线检测;然后在此基础上,提出一种新的非线性串级推断控制策略,即副环采用常规的温度间接控制,主环采用基于核岭回归软测量的推断控制策略。通过Mejedell等建立的精馏塔动态模型分别对单端和双端成分非线性串级推断控制策略性能进行分析,仿真结果表明,与传统控制方案比较,新控制策略的控制质量有了较大提高,控制结构简单,易于实施。     

肟交换法制备乙醛肟工艺的研究

肟交换法是一种制备乙醛肟的新兴工艺,但反应过程存在乙醛肟易被空气氧化等问题,且反应液中存在多组共沸物,分离提纯得到高纯度的乙醛肟较为困难。以丁酮肟为原料,通过向反应器内充入0.2 MPa的氮气,有效避免了乙醛肟氧化与原料乙醛、丁酮肟的挥发,乙醛肟反应选择性达96.12%。开发了产物的提纯工艺,通过Aspen Plus模拟,初步确定减压精馏分离反应液的基本流程,考察了压力、塔板数、回流比、进料位置等操作参数对分离过程的影响。在此基础上,依据模拟确定的操作参数进行实验,确定最优分离提纯工艺,得到纯度为95.33%的乙醛肟产品,收率可达94.31%。本研究可为肟交换法制备乙醛肟的工业化提供一定的指导。     

热处理对制备纳米氧化铟锡(ITO)粉末的影响

以共沸蒸馏工艺辅助的共沉淀法制备了纳米氧化铟-氧化锡（ITO）粉体，研究了不同热处理温度对制备粉体的影响，结果表明，随着热处理温度的提高，粉体发生从四方结构向体心立方结构转变，晶粒出现长大现象，比表面积变化明显，化学组分保持高纯状态，综合比较，在700～800℃进行热处理可以得到尺寸均匀，晶形完整的纳米级粉体。     

提高Cr12MoV钢冷作模具寿命的措施

从原材料改锻、预备热处理、淬火及回火、深冷处理、表面强化处理等方面分析介绍了提高Cr12MoV钢冷作模具寿命的一些方法和措施 ,并通过实例表明 ,采用这些方法和措施可较大幅度地提高模具寿命     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical behavior of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy for electrodes of spot welding

The effects of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical behavior of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy for electrodes of spot welding were investigated employing Brinell-hardness testing unit, abrasion examination machine, electronic almighty testing machine and X-ray stress analyzer. Tensile fracture surfaces of the alloy were characterized by scanning electronic microscope （SEM） with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The results showed that, after deep cryogenic treatment, σb and σ0.2 increased 23 MPa and 21 MPa respectively, the wear rate of the alloy exhibited the trend of decrease with the decreasing temperature and increasing time of deep cryogenic treatment, and the surface residual stress of the alloy was partially eliminated by deep cryogenic treatment.     

深冷处理提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命的机理

为了提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命，作者提出了镀锌钢板点焊电极的深冷处理方法。采用不同深冷处理工艺参数处理了点焊镀锌钢板的Cr—Zr—Cu合金电极，用这些电极进行了镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命试验并与未深冷处理的电极寿命进行了比较。用扫描电子显微镜对深冷处理电极进行了背散射及面扫描分析，用X射线衍射法观测了深冷处理前后的电极晶粒度，测试了电极在深冷处理前后的电阻率。通过对深冷电极微观结构的观测及电极性能的测试，探讨了深冷处理提高镀锌钢板点焊电极寿命的机理。研究结果表明，深冷处理提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极基体的致密性，改变了合金元素的分布，细化了电极材料的晶粒，提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极的导电、导热能力及电极抗压渍变形的能力，从而提高了镀锌钢板点焊电极的寿命。     

GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE FOR REACTIVE DISTILLATION SYSTEMS

In this paper we analyze a ternary reactive distillation system, where an equilibrium chemical reaction occurs in the liquid phase. By using a set of transformed variables proposed by Barbosa el al. (1988b) and well known graphical procedures for non-reactive systems; the minimum reflux ratio, minimum number of equilibrium stages, mass and energy balances for a reactive column and flash can be easily obtained. The procedures developed in this paper are applied to ISOBUTYLENE-METHANOL-MTBE system.

The main objective in developing this model is to obtain, as much as possible, rigorous information for the analysis of one reactive distillation column in a Process Simulator with capability of handling this type of new operation.     

A new short-path distillation system applied to the reduction of cholesterol in butter and lard

A molecular distillation plant, built particularly to increase the separation efficiency and to obtain safer working conditions, was tested to remove cholesterol from anhydrous butter and lard. A preliminary experiment was carried out with butter to evaluate the fractionation obtained at temperatures between 190 and 250°C and residual pressures between 10⁻³ and 10⁻⁴ torr. A second experiment was carried out at 185°C and at the maximum operational vacuum, evaluating the fractionation achieved within a time scale between 30 and 180 min. Cholesterol was almost completely removed during the second hour with minimal loss of low-molecular weight triglycerides. An experiment was carried out with lard at 250°C and maximum achievable operational vacuum (10⁻⁴ Torr), lasting approximately 6 h, and cholesterol was removed almost completely during the second hour without significant modifications in the triglyceride composition. This situation remained constant throughout the duration of the test.     

悬浮床催化精馏合成支链烷基苯的模拟

Suspension catalytic distillation (SCD) has been developed recently as an innovative technology in catalytic distillation. In this paper, a brief introduction to SCD is given and an equilibrium stage (EQ) model is developed to simulate this new process for synthesis of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) from benzene and 1-dodecene.Since non-ideality of this reaction system is not strong, EQ model developed could be applied to it successfully.Simulation results agree well with experimental data, and indicate some characteristics of SCD process as an advanced technology for the production of LAB: 100% conversion of olefins, low temperature (90-100℃) and low benzene/olefin mole ratio.