The experimental study on the performance,combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using diesel – biodiesel – diethyl ether blends

ABSTRACT

In the present research work, the experimental analysis has been executed to investigate the influence of diethyl ether as an oxygenated additive to the diesel-biodiesel blend on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The biodiesel (Frying oil methyl ester) was prepared by the transesterification process, and the biodiesel was added (40% by volume) to the diesel fuel to prepare the diesel-biodiesel blend (D60FME40). The diethyl ether was added to the diesel-biodiesel blends D60FM35 (diesel 60% + biodiesel 35% by volume) and D60FM30 (diesel 60% + biodiesel 30% by volume) with suitable volume proportions of 5% and 10% respectively to form diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends ((D60FM35DEE5) & (D60FM30DEE10)). Initially, the test was conducted with diesel fuel to obtain the baseline reference reading. Then, the reading was compared with results taken from the engine using a diesel-biodiesel blend (D60FME40) and diethyl ether blends (D60FM35DEE5) & (D60FM30DEE10). The results reveal that the maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with diesel fuel and it was higher than the diesel-biodiesel blend and diethyl ether blends. The peak in-cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate in the premixed stage was less for the diesel-biodiesel blend, but it was increased with the addition of diethyl ether to the blend. The diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends show less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions except for NO_X emission as compared to the diesel and diesel-biodiesel blend, especially at the engine rated power.     

Characterisation of an acidic peroxidase from papaya (Carica papaya L. cv Tainung No. 2) latex and its application in the determination of micromolar hydrogen peroxide in milk

An acidic peroxidase isoform, POD-A, with a molecular mass of 69.4 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.5 was purified from papaya latex. Using o-phenylenediamine (OPD) as a hydrogen donor (citrate–phosphate as pH buffer), the optimum pH for the function of POD-A was 4.6, and the optimum temperature was 50 °C. The peroxidase activity of POD-A toward hydrogen donors was both pH- and concentration-dependent. Under optimal conditions, POD-A catalysed the oxidation of OPD at higher rates than pyrogallol, catechol, quercetin and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The chemical modification reagents N-bromosuccinimide and sodium azide significantly inhibited POD-A activity. The results of kinetic studies indicated that POD-A followed a ping-pong mechanism and had a K_m value of 2.8 mM for OPD. Using CPC silica-immobilised POD-A for the determination of micromolar H₂O₂ in milk, the lower limit of determination was 0.1 μM, and the recoveries of added H₂O₂ were 96–109%.     

The economic feasibility study of a 100-MW Power-to-Gas plant

Power-to-Gas (PtG) is a grid-scale energy storage technology by which electricity is converted into gas fuel as an energy carrier. PtG utilizes surplus renewable electricity to generate hydrogen from Solid-Oxide-Cell, and the hydrogen is then combined with CO₂ in the Sabatier process to produce the methane. The transportation of methane is mature and energy-efficient within the existing natural gas pipeline or town gas network. Additionally, it is ideal to make use of the reverse function of SOC, the Solid-Oxide-Fuel-Cell, to generate electricity when the grid is weak in power. This study estimated the cost of building a hypothetical 100-MW PtG power plant with energy storage and power generation capabilities. The emphasis is on the effects of SOC cost, fuel cost and capacity factor to the Levelized Cost of Energy of the PtG plant. The net present value of the plant is analyzed to estimate the lowest affordable contract price to secure a positive present value. Besides, the plant payback period and CO₂ emission are estimated.     

芳基硫脲基硫代磷酸酯的合成及生物活性

介绍了如下工艺路线：由硫氰酸钾与氯硫代磷酸二乙酯合成异硫氰基硫代磷酸二乙酯,进而由后者与氯苯胺合成３－氯苯基硫脲基硫代磷酸二乙酯。分析、阐述了芳基硫脲基硫代磷酸酯类化合物的生物活性。     

适于多种通信设备的多媒体通信终端软件

针对应急通信系统的需求,本文介绍了一种适用于多种通信设备的多媒体通信终端的软件实现方法。软件采用了面向对象的设计方法,根据通信设备和各种业务的特点,合理的界定了通信模块和各种业务模块之间的职能。在对通信模块接口进行合理抽象的基础上,软件实现了适用于以太网、网络电台和短波电台的通信模块。在通过不同的下层通信设备进行通信时,终端软件只需要选择不同的通信模块就能实现包括语音、视频、短信息、静态图像、电子白板和文件传输在内的多媒体通信。     

Polyethylene oxide electrolyte membranes with pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids

Two pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with ether groups, and namely N-methoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (PYRA_1,2O1) and 1-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonide (PYRA_1,2(O2)2O1), were used as plasticizers for the PEO₂₀-LiTFSI solid polymer electrolyte. The ionic liquids differ for the number of oxygens and lateral chain length.The properties of the plasticized polymer electrolytes were investigated by means of thermal analysis, impedance spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and voltammetry. Both the ILs enhanced the conductivity of PEO₂₀-LiTFSI of about one order of magnitude at 40 °C. The polymer electrolyte plasticized with PYRA_1,2O1 showed a higher transport number, and a wider electrochemical window.     

戒酒硫合成工艺改进研究

以二乙胺、二硫化碳、双氧水为原料,在硫酸的中和作用下合成戒酒硫,研究了各反应条件的影响。较佳工艺条件是:第一步,原料配比n(CS2):n(C4H11N)=1∶1,反应温度:90℃,反应时间:2 h;第二步氧化,滴加H2SO4和H2O2,物料配比n(H2SO4)∶n(H2O2)∶n(C4H11N)=1.2∶1.5∶1,反应温度:≤16℃,反应时间:12 h,得率为85%。     

乙氧基亚甲基丙二酸二乙酯(EMME)制备方法的改进

以原甲酸三乙酯和丙二酸二乙酯为原料,醋酸酐直接作催化剂,后期保证反应体系温度在160℃以上,制备出乙氧基亚甲基丙二酸二乙酯(EMME)。产物不需要高温、高真空蒸馏提纯,即可直接用于下一个工序。并就改进后的EMME制备方法的反应原理、原料配比和消耗以及产品质量等情况进行了详细的分析和对比。     

玉米田除草剂氟嘧磺隆的合成研究

以硝酸胍、丙二酸二乙酯和糖精为起始原料,经5步反应合成了苯磺酰脲类除草剂氟嘧磺隆。所得产物纯度为99%,总收率为31·2%。且该路线具有原料易得、反应条件温和、操作简单等优点。     

碳酸乙烯酯和乙醇均相酯交换反应研究

研究了以乙醇钠为均相催化剂,碳酸乙烯酯和乙醇酯交换合成碳酸二乙酯同时联产乙二醇的过程。考察了催化剂浓度、醇酯比、温度等因素对反应的影响,得到较适宜的工艺条件。以加成-消除机理为基础,分别以两步亲核加成基元反应为速率控制步骤,提出了两个动力学模型,用Runge-Kutta法和非线性最小二乘法估计了相应的模型参数。统计检验表明,两个模型在所研究的压力、温度和组分的浓度范围内均是适用的。