梯形断面消力池扩散型消能计算

针对目前NB/T 35023—2014《水闸设计规范》只涉及矩形断面消力池,未涉及梯形断面消力池消能计算的问题,基于水力学基本理论和数值分析理论对梯形断面消力池消能计算进行研究,推导了梯形断面收缩水深的解析计算式以及梯形断面消力池扩散型消能跃后共轭水深基本方程,并利用高次方程求解理论分别给出棱柱体梯形断面跃后共轭水深的解析计算式和扩散型消能跃后共轭水深的简易迭代求解公式,并根据消能计算方程,给出梯形断面消力池扩散型消力池池深、池长的计算式。工程实例计算结果表明,所提出计算式精度可靠。     

Oxidation of copper and reduction of Cu2O in an environmental scanning electron microscope at 800°C

The present study reports on the in situ oxidation of copper to Cu₂O and subsequent reduction to metallic copper in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The oxidation was carried out at approximately 125 m oxygen pressure while the reduction was done at the same pressure using H₂ gas. The first visible signs of oxidation occurred in about 2 min: submicron size nuclei of Cu₂O formed randomly on the metal surface. No preferred nucleation along grain boundaries could be observed. The surface was completely covered with Cu₂O in about 30 min of oxidation time, the final average grain size of Cu₂O being approximately 3 m. The reduction kinetics of Cu₂O were slower than the oxidation kinetics, the first visible copper nuclei appearing only after about 6 min of reduction. A reduction mechanism is suggested where the diffusion of copper vacancies from the copper particle-Cu₂O interface to the Cu₂O-H₂ interface limits the overall kinetics. Based on this assumption, a copper supersaturation corresponding to a copper activity of 1.0005 in Cu₂O has been calculated.     

多无人机远距突防协同目标搜索决策

针对需要远距突防的不确定区域运动目标的搜索问题,提出了多无人机（UAV）远距突防和协同目标搜索的路径决策。改进基本的二维扩散模型,建立考虑目标运动与地理环境限制条件下的不确定区域扩散模型,在此基础上基于电势场算法和滚动时域控制研究了远距突防与优化路径决策策略。综合考虑不确定性降低收益、平均不确定度与综合抗力,构建协同搜索收益函数,为协同搜索路径决策提供路径优化准则,进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明,本算法能够有效地应对突发威胁与不确定区域扩散,完成多UAV远距突防与协同目标搜索任务。     

NG在聚氨酯中扩散性能的分子动力学模拟

为研究二异氰酸酯类型、温度、硝化甘油（ NG）含量等因素对NG在聚氨酯弹性体内扩散性能的影响,用分子动力学方法,在COMPASS力场下对NG和聚氨酯弹性体混合体系进行了模拟。构建NG与不同聚氨酯弹性体的混合体系模型,并进行结构优化,先后进行恒温恒压系综（ NPT）和恒温恒容系综（ NVT）的分子动力学模拟,得到NG在混合体系中的均方位移,通过爱因斯坦方程计算得到其扩散系数。结果表明：NG在聚氨酯弹性体内扩散系数的数量级为10-8 cm2· s-1,与实验数据一致;扩散系数随聚氨酯弹性体链的柔顺性增加而上升;随温度的不断升高,扩散系数先缓慢上升,当超过308 K后,扩散系数急剧增加。随NG含量的不断升高,扩散系数先缓慢下降,当超过14％后,扩散系数急剧下降。     

Wire rod coating process of gas diffusion layers fabrication for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Gas diffusion layers (GDLs) were fabricated using non-woven carbon paper as a macro-porous layer substrate developed by Hollingsworth & Vose Company. A commercially viable coating process was developed using wire rod for coating micro-porous layer by a single pass. The thickness as well as carbon loading in the micro-porous layer was controlled by selecting appropriate wire thickness of the wire rod. Slurry compositions with solid loading as high as 10 wt.% using nano-chain and nano-fiber type carbons were developed using dispersion agents to provide cohesive and homogenous micro-porous layer without any mud-cracking. The surface morphology, wetting characteristics and pore size distribution of the wire rod coated GDLs were examined using FESEM, Goniometer and Hg porosimetry, respectively. The GDLs were evaluated in single cell PEMFC under various operating conditions (temperature and RH) using hydrogen and air as reactants. It was observed that the wire rod coated micro-porous layer with 10 wt.% nano-fibrous carbon based GDLs showed the highest fuel cell performance at 85 °C using H₂ and air at 50% RH, compared to all other compositions.     

Effect of carbon fiber paper made from carbon felt with different yard weights on the performance of low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

This study employed fuel cell gas diffusion layers (GDLs) consisting of carbon fiber paper made from carbon fiber felt with different yard weights in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and investigated the relationship between the yard weight of the carbon fiber paper and the fuel cell performance and thickness of the gasket. In this paper we discuss the relationship between carbon fiber felt with different yard weights and fuel cell performance and also explore the effect of carbon fiber paper thickness, air permeability, surface resistivity, and structural study. We focused on the material used for the gas diffusion layer in this study. Carbon fiber paper made in-house in this study contained 10 wt% (all percentages are by weight unless otherwise noted) phenolic resin. When the tested area was 25 cm², the test temperature was 40 °C, the gasket thickness was 0.06 mm, and the yard weight 70 g m⁻², fuel cell current density was 1968 mA cm⁻² at a load 0.3 V. When the gasket thickness was 0.36 mm and yard weight was 190 g m⁻², fuel current density was 1710 mA cm⁻² at a load of 0.3 V.     

Hygrothermal effects on properties of highly conductive epoxy/graphite composites for applications as bipolar plates

The hygrothermal effects on mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of highly conductive graphite-based epoxy composites were investigated. The highly conductive graphite-based epoxy composites were found to be suitable for applications as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The hygrothermal aging experiments were designed to simulate the service conditions in PEM fuel cells. Specifically, the composite specimens were immersed in boiling water, aqueous sulphuric acid solution, and aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The water uptake, changes in surface appearance and dimensions, glass transition behavior and thermal stability, and electrical and mechanical properties were evaluated. The water uptake at short time increased linearly with the square root of time as in linear Fickian diffusion. The presence of graphite significantly reduced both the rate and extent of water uptake. No discernible changes in specimen dimensions, surface appearance, and morphology of the composites were observed. The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties remained almost unchanged. The wet specimens showed slight reduction of glass transition temperature (T_g) due to plasticization of epoxy networks by absorbed water, while the re-dried specimens showed small increase of T_g. The composites maintained high electrical conductivity of about 300–500 S cm⁻¹ and good mechanical properties and showed thermal stability up to 350 °C.     

Facilitating mass transport in gas diffusion layer of PEMFC by fabricating micro-porous layer with dry layer preparation

For a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), dry layer preparation was optimized and applied to fabricate a micro-porous layer (MPL) for a gas diffusion layer (GDL). The MPLs fabricated by dry layer preparation and the conventional wet layer preparation were compared by physical and electrochemical methods. The PEMFC using dry layer MPLs showed better performance than that using wet layer MPLs, especially when the cells were operated under conditions of high oxygen utilization rate and high humidification temperature of air. The mass transport properties of the GDLs with the dry layer MPLs were also better than with the wet layer MPLs, and were found to be related to the pore size distribution in GDLs. The differences in surface morphology and pore size distribution for the GDLs with the dry layer and wet layer MPLs were investigated and analyzed. The dry layer preparation for MPLs was found to be more beneficial for forming meso-pores (pore size in the range of 0.5–15 μm), which are important and advantageous for facilitating gas transport in the GDLs. Moreover, the GDLs with the dry layer MPLs exhibited better electronic conductivity and more stable hydrophobicity than those with the wet layer MPLs. The reproducibility of the dry layer preparation for MPLs was also satisfying.     

Semi-analytical proton exchange membrane fuel cell modeling

Mathematical techniques are presented which allow for analytical solutions of the catalyst layer transport and electrochemical problem in PEM fuel cells. These techniques transform the volumetric reaction terms to boundary flux terms, thereby eliminating the need for computational solving of the catalyst layer problem. The result is a semi-analytical fuel cell model—a computational model that entails analytical rather than computational catalyst layer solutions. This helps to alleviate the meshing difficulties inherent in the catalyst layers caused by large geometric aspect ratios, and hence reduce the computational requirements for fuel cell models.     

In situ analysis on water transport in a direct methanol fuel cell durability test

In present work, a 600 h durability test and in situ measurements of water transport were carried out on a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) at atmospheric pressure and 80 °C. Effect of water transport on the single cell performance was investigated in detail, which indicated that the accumulated water in the hydrophobic micropores of the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) aggravated the cathode flooding, and consequently led to a temporary and reversible degradation of the cell performance. Further investigation revealed that cathode flooding could be alleviated by blowing the cathode with dry air for 150 h at open circuit condition and the partially recovered cell performance within the durability could be obtained in consequence. Water analysis combined with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used to explore the characteristics of cathode GDL before and after the durability test. Results showed that the variation of the microstructure and hydrophobic properties for both sides of the cathode GDL is probably one of the inherent reasons for the irreversible degradation of the cell performance besides the electro-catalysts deterioration.