阳离子型双子表面活性剂的合成及表面活性

合成了一种季铵盐型双子表面活性剂Gem in i 12-3-12,采用红外光谱、元素分析和两相滴定法对其结构和纯度进行了分析,测定了不同浓度表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力,并得到临界胶束浓度(CMC)、饱和吸附量(Γm ax)、单分子饱和吸附面积(Am in)。结果表明,Gem in i 12-3-12的收率为77.2%,纯度为98.4%,它与相应的单尾基十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)的表面活性相当,但CMC比DTAB低14倍左右。     

温度和氧浓度对PX氧化的影响

根据不同温度、氧浓度下实测的PX液相催化氧化各中间组分浓度 时间关系,采用双曲型的动力学模型拟合实验数据,得到了各步反应活化能数据和速率常数与氧浓度的关系式。结果说明,PT酸氧化为4 CBA这一步的活化能最大,是整个连串反应过程的速率控制步骤;反应有一个氧浓度门槛值,在此值以上,反应速率不再明显增大,在此值以下,反应速率随氧浓度增大而增大。工业尾氧体积分数一般在4%～5%,相应的反应速率在最大速率的90%左右。     

吸收过程的界面传质机理

以分子热力学为基础 ,对气体吸收过程进行了理论分析 ,导出了传质通量的数学表达式。根据该文分析 ,气液界面传质的源动力来自界面处气液两相的不平衡 ,即只要有传质发生 ,液相界面处的浓度就不会达到与气相呈平衡的浓度。对于气相阻力可以忽略的吸收过程 ,两相传质速率的大小主要取决于液相的溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度 ,影响溶质界面浓度和液膜厚度的主要因素是近界面液相侧的流场分布。利用近界面浓度与液膜厚度的激光测定结果 ,计算了甲醇、乙醇及正丙醇吸收CO2 气泡的传质通量 ,计算结果与实验值吻合良好     

Molar volume and ultrasonic studies of europium soaps in mixed organic solvents

The ultrasonic velocity and density measurements of europium soaps in a mixture of benzene and methanol (3:2, vol/vol) were used to evaluate various acoustic parameters and molar volume and to determine the critical micelle concentration. The results showed that the ultrasonic velocity, specific acoustic impedance, molar sound velocity, and molar compressibility increase, and intermolecular free length, adiabatic Compressibility, and relative association decrease with increasing concentration and chainlength of the soap. The results were interpreted in terms of soap-solvent interaction.     

Increase of N2O Fluxes in Agricultural Peat and Sandy Soil under Elevated CO2 Concentration: Concomitant Changes in Soil Moisture, Groundwater Table and Biomass Production of Phleum pratense

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration on soil moisture, N₂O fluxes, and biomass production of Phleum pratense were studied in the laboratory. Farmed peat and sandy soil mesocosms sown with P. pratense were fertilized with a commercial fertilizer. In peat soil 10 g N m⁻² of commercial fertilizer were added and in sandy soil 15 g N m⁻². In both experiments, soil moisture was regulated with deionized water; 18 mesocosms were tended to keep equally moist, and the other 18 were watered with equal amounts of water. Nine mesocosms from both watering treatments were grown under ambient (360 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentration and the remaining nine under doubled (720 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂. N₂O efflux was monitored using a closed chamber technique and a gas chromatograph. The elevated supply of CO₂ increased production of above- and belowground biomass, soil moisture and N₂O fluxes, but decreased the total N content in the aboveground biomass, especially for the sandy soil. In similar water levels, N₂O efflux from the sandy soil was the same magnitude as that from the peat soil. In addition to moisture, N availability was the main limiting factor for N₂O production, but C availability also seemed to regulate the denitrification activity. In addition to an increase in C availability the increase in the N₂O efflux under the raised CO₂ concentration also required a simultaneous increase in soil moisture.     

Hydraulic resistance of rigid polyurethane foams. II. Effect of variation of surfactant,water, and nucleating agent concentrations on foam structure and properties

Hydraulic resistance of rigid polyurethane foams to penetration by water at high pressures is studied in this work in the context of buoyancy applications. Micron sized silica particles are used as nucleating agents. The effect of the variation of the concentrations of the surfactant, water, and nucleating agent on cell structure, closed cell content, and compressive modulus, is examined. Foams have densities in the range of 145 to 165 kg/m³. At a particular water concentration, with increase in the concentration of the surfactant, the window area of the cells becomes smaller and the hydraulic resistance of the foam increases. A cell window is the lamella of the foam material that separates two adjacent cells. With increase in the concentration of water keeping surfactant concentration constant, the average window area remains almost the same but the cell window area distribution becomes wider and the hydraulic resistance of the foams decreases. Foams made with silica have smaller cell windows but lower hydraulic resistance than that of the foams made without silica. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2830–2837, 2004     

Preparation of dibasic acid-containing soy phospholipids by chemical and enzyme-catalyzed transesterification and evaluation of their surface-active properties

The preparation of dibasic acid-containing soy phospholipid was made by transesterification reaction with alkyl ester of diabasic acid with both lipase and alkoxide as a catalyst. The extent of incorporation of a dibasic acid varied with the molecular size of the dibasic acid. The extent of incorporation in soy phospholipids was 4–13% in the case of adipic acid and 9–20% in the case of sebacic acid. The surface-active properties of these modified soy phospholipids were examined and were found to be different from those of the original (unmodified) soy phospholipid. The interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), γ_CMC, surface excess concentration Γ_max, and minimum area per molecule (Å), and thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy of micellization, were found to depend on the hydrophobic part of the dibasic acids.     

X射线投影成像法测量气固流化床中的固含分布 — (II) 应用及误差分析

通过标准化实验对X射线投影成像系统的误差进行了分析，进而应用该测量系统对提升管、纳米颗粒聚团床、鼓泡床和大直径下行床入口区的固含分布进行了测量，结果说明本测量方法可较准确、无接触测量气固两相流体系的固含分布.     

断续流对旋流器油水分离效率影响的实验研究

目前,大部分井下油水分离的旋流器由地面游梁式抽油机通过抽油杆柱提供能量,这样进入旋流器流量产生断续现象。通过实验证明断续流流量的不连续性使旋流器油水分离效率下降5％以内,存在一定负影响;溢流含油浓度越高,断续流对旋流分离效率的负影响也越大,所以井下油水分离过程中,不能偏面追求过高的溢流口含油浓度,提高分流比F与入口含油浓度C_i比值,减小断续流对分离效率的影响。