用酰胺缩醛合成1,4,7,10-四氮杂十二烷的研究

用甲苯作溶剂,使三乙烯四胺和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲基缩醛在85℃反应2h,得到中间体双咪唑啉,产率90.4%,在乙腈溶剂中,碳酸钾存在下,双咪唑啉和1,2-二溴乙烷进行扩环反应,得到环状中间体一溴盐,产率78.7%,一溴盐经碱性水解2h,得到1,4,7,10-四氮杂十二烷,产率74.2%。用元素分析、质谱和核磁共振氢谱对目标化合物进行了表征。     

酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯反应及催化剂研究进展

介绍了碳酸二甲酯与苯酚酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯的反应热力学。总结了近年来该类催化剂研究的新进展。对酯交换反应的平衡限制问题和选择性问题进行了详细的讨论。根据对反应热力学的分析,指出避开平衡限制的合理途径是采用酯交换-歧化二步法工艺路线,而高选择性地得到碳酸二苯酯取决于催化剂的性质。通过分析酸碱催化作用在酯交换反应中的差异,认为碱催化是副产物苯甲醚生成的主要原因,Lewis酸性的催化剂有利于碳酸二苯酯的高选择性。最后对国内研究现状进行了评价和展望。     

二甲醚作为气雾制品新型抛射剂的研究现状

介绍了二甲醚作为抛射剂在国内外的应用现状。并对气雾剂的组成、制造工艺及其配方进行了概述。通过几种新型应用实例,论证了二甲醚作为抛射剂的优点。最后补充了二甲醚作为抛射剂存在的问题及其解决办法。     

CaO–ZrO2 Solid Solution: A Highly Stable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Propylene Carbonate and Methanol

CaO–ZrO₂ prepared by co-precipitation showed to be a well-performed catalyst for the transesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) and methanol. The characterization by X-ray powered diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy indicated that CaO was doped into the lattice of ZrO₂ to form CaO–ZrO₂ solid solution. Such a solid solution was a strong solid base, which was proved by CO₂ temperature program desorption (CO₂-TPD). As a result, the catalyst showed high stability towards the transesterification of propylene carbonate and methanol into dimethyl carbonate with high PC conversion, especially being subjected to the continuous production of dimethyl carbonate at reactive distillation reactor for 250 h without any obvious loss of activity at the PC conversion of 95%.     

CO2加氢一步制二甲醚展望

CO₂加氢制二甲醚（DME）是有潜力实现CO₂资源化利用的重要途径之一。与光、电催化相比,CO₂的非均相催化转化具有转化效率高等优点,但目前CO₂加氢一步制备DME催化剂的反应活性较低、稳定性较差。本文在简要介绍CO₂加氢一步制DME的铜基双功能催化剂、复合氧化物和氮化镓催化剂的基础上,重点总结了活性中心结构和反应机理的研究进展。对于铜基双功能催化剂,CO₂加氢经甲醇中间体合成DME,其中还原态铜（Cu⁰、Cu⁺及Cu ^δ+,0<δ<2）是其催化活性中心,且还原态铜的分散度及稳定性、固体酸的性质和酸性位分布以及两类活性中心的耦合效应是决定DME收率和催化剂稳定性的关键因素。与此相反,DME是氮化镓催化CO₂加氢的初级产物。这与铜基双功能催化剂有着本质区别,属新催化剂体系。在此基础上,文章对CO₂加氢制DME的可能研究方向进行了展望,认为“二甲醚经济”更具发展潜力。     

三元混合气体燃料爆炸特性实验研究

利用定容燃烧弹爆炸实验平台结合高速纹影摄像技术,系统研究了组分浓度和当量比对氢气/二甲醚/甲烷三元混合气体燃料爆炸特性的影响。结果表明：平均火焰传播速度S_a随氢气浓度X_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}的增加单调递增,随二甲醚浓度X_DME和甲烷浓度X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}}的增加单调递减。压力峰值p_max与X_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}的关系受到当量比φ的强烈影响,当φ=0.8、1.0和1.2时,p_max随X_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}先缓慢线性增加然后快速增加;而当φ=0.6、1.4和1.6时,p_max始终线性增加;同时,p_max随X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}}线性递减,而随X_DME的变化可分为两个时期。X_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}与最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)_max呈正相关关系,X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}}与之呈负相关关系,而X_DME对(dp/dt)_max的影响不大。燃烧时间t_c与X_{{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{2}}}和X_{\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}}存在线性关系;而X_DME对t_c的影响较为复杂,与φ有关。     

聚甲氧基甲缩醛的合成及其应用研究进展

来自非石油基的聚甲氧基甲缩醛因具有十六烷值高、与柴油互溶性好、氧含量高等优点,与柴油混配后作为柴油燃料可以提高柴油机热效率,大幅降低污染物排放,是很有发展前景的绿色环保柴油添加组分。本文在介绍聚甲氧基甲缩醛的物理化学性质,及其作为柴油添加剂的性能指标基础上,对其合成技术和反应动力学研究进展进行了总结,对比了不同技术的优缺点,指出离子液体薄膜催化技术是聚甲氧基甲缩醛当前较为适合的产业化路线;并对聚甲氧基甲缩醛柴油的燃烧排放特性,以及其作为新配方燃油组分和新型环保溶剂油等的应用研究进展进行了归纳,最后指出了确定聚甲氧基甲缩醛的合适聚合度值及其添加量,加强车用测试并及时建立相关标准是聚甲氧基甲缩醛作为柴油添加剂后续应用研究工作的要点。     

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde solution over one-pot synthesized spherical mesoporous sulfated zirconia

The synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers as an ideal diesel fuel additive is the current hot topic of modern petrochemical industry for their expedient properties in mitigating air pollutants emission during combustion. In this work, a series of spherical sulfated zirconia catalysts were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method assisted with surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The prepared sulfated zirconia catalysts were used to catalyze PODE_n synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde solution. Various characterization (XRD, BET, SEM, TGA, NH₃-TPD, FTIR, and Py-IR) were employed to elaborate the structure–activity relationship of the studied catalytic system. The results demonstrated that S/Zr molar ratio in precursor solution played an effective role on catalyst morphology and acidic properties, where the weak Brønsted acid sites and strong Lewis acid sites were favorable to the conversion of methanol and formation of long-chain PODE_n, respectively. The reaction parameters such as catalyst amount, molar ratio of FA/MeOH, reaction time, temperature and pressure were optimized. The speculated reaction pathway for PODE_n synthesis was proposed based on the synergy of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, which suggested that Brønsted and Lewis acid sites might be advantageous to the activation of polyoxymethylene hemiformals [CH₃(OCH₂)_nOH] and methylene glycol (HOCH₂OH), respectively.     

3-氨基-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺的合成

以氰乙酸甲酯为原料经双甲基化、氨解、还原三步合成了3-氨基-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺.在双甲基化步骤中以绿色环保的碳酸二甲酯作为甲基化试剂进行反应,氨解、还原反应在高压釜中同时进行,中间产物不经处理,反应总收率由氨解和还原分别单独进行的80％左右提高到92％.