川西地区中三叠统雷口坡组天然气勘探潜力

四川盆地西部地区中三叠世雷口坡期蒸发膏盐湖盆主要分布在邛崃-成都-德阳一带,发育多套碳酸盐岩、石膏、硬石膏岩及盐岩的沉积旋回,油气勘探实践证实,蒸发岩沉积旋回与油气的生聚成藏关系密切。为分析该盆地雷口坡组的天然气勘探潜力,从气源分析、蒸发岩盆地生烃机理、盆地模拟研究3个方面,论证了川西地区雷口坡组局限-蒸发台地深水澙湖相沉积的富藻碳酸盐岩具有成为大中型气田主力烃源岩的有利条件,估算雷口坡组天然气的资源量介于9 839×10⁸～1.201×10¹² m³。结合储层条件、成藏条件等的分析成果,认为雷口坡组发育台缘滩和台内滩裂缝-孔隙型储层,其顶部发育碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶型优质储层;风化壳岩溶型储层的发育与雷口坡组在“暴露”“深埋”两大阶段中发生的后生成岩作用有关。结论认为：该区雷口坡组具有形成大中型气田的资源条件,在川西坳陷中央的新场构造带,龙门山前鸭子河隐伏构造带及成都、梓潼凹陷周缘斜坡区,雷口坡组天然气成藏条件优越,勘探潜力巨大。     

王庄油田粘土矿物转化对储层的影响

王庄油田是水敏性稠油油藏的典型代表，其水敏性在热采过程中的变化直接关系到油田开发方式的选择。针对这一问题，从直接影响水敏性变化的储层粘土矿物入手，在模拟地层环境的基础上通过室内高温高压静态和动态物模实验，并结合X衍射、扫描电镜、元素分析、粒度检测等多种分析测试手段，研究了粘土矿物在100-300℃之间的变化过程，从而找到水敏性的变化规律，进而从机理上解释了渗透率的变化原因，为数值模拟和开发方案制定提供室内研究依据。     

银钎焊剂水溶法改性处理工艺的优化

采用水溶法改性工艺制备银钎剂，正交试验表明，烘干时间对钎剂性能的影响最大，其次是成分配比及烘干温度．在配方为42％KF 23％KBF4 35％B2O3，烘干时间为45min，烘干温度为350℃时，制备的银钎剂质量稳定且焊接效果良好．     

Formulation strategy towards minimizing viscosity mediated negative food effect on disintegration and dissolution of immediate release tablets

Food induced viscosity can delay disintegration and subsequent release of API from solid dosage form which may lead to severe reduction in the bioavailability of BCS type III compounds. Formulations of such tablets need to be optimized in view of this postprandial viscosity factor. In this study, three super disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium (CCS), cross-linked polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (CPD), and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were assessed for their efficiency under simulated fed state. Tablets containing these disintegrants were compressed at 10 and 30?KN, while taking lactose as a soluble filler. In addition to other compendial tests, disintegration force of these formulations was measured by texture analysis. Comparison of parameters derived from force – time curves revealed a direct relation of maximum disintegration force (F_max) and disintegration force development rate (DFDR) with compressional force in fasted state, whereas an inverse relationship of F_max and DFDR with compressional force was observed in fed state. The gelling tendency of disintegrants influenced the rate of release of API in simulated fed and fasted states when compressional force was changed. These observations recommend the evaluation of formulations in simulated fed state, in the development stage, with an objective of minimizing the negative impact of food induced viscosity on disintegration. Use of disintegrants that act without gelling or can counteract the effect of gelling is recommended for tablet formulations with reduced disintegration time (DT) and mean dissolution time (MDT) in fed state, respectively.     

Solid dispersion adsorbate technique for improved dissolution and flow properties of lurasidone hydrochloride: characterization using 32 factorial design

The aim of the present study was to improve the dissolution and flow properties of lurasidone hydrochloride (LH) by solid dispersion adsorbate (SDA) technique. Solid dispersions (SDs) of LH were prepared by fusion method using Poloxamer P188. The melt dispersion was adsorbed onto the porous carrier Florite (calcium silicate). A 3² factorial design was employed to quantify the effect of two independent variables, namely ratio of carrier (Poloxamer 188) and LH in SD and ratio of adsorbent (Florite) to SD. SDA granules of LH were studied for flow properties and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Tablets of optimized composition of SDA granules (equivalent to 20?mg of drug) and plain tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The dissolution studies were carried out in Mcllvaine buffer (pH 3.8) as per USFDA guidelines and characterized for parameters such as percent dissolution efficiency, t₅₀, and Q₃₀. Tablets prepared from SDA granules showed almost four-fold increase in cumulative percentage drug release as compared to tablets prepared from plain LH. The value of dissolution efficiency was enhanced from 49.60% for plain tablets to 94.15% for SDA tablets. SDA granules did not show any change in drug release and X-ray diffraction pattern after storage at 40?°C/75% of RH for 3?months, which confirms that Florite prevented conversion of drug from amorphous form to crystalline form improving physical stability of the amorphous state of LH.     

Dissolution of multicomponents during hydrothermal leaching of LF desulfurization slag

In light of the multicomponent dissolution equilibrium during the hydrothermal leaching of LF desulfurization slag, thermodynamic calculations were made and the dissolution equilibrium curves of calcium, aluminum and sulfur were plotted to analyze the interactions between these components and their influence on sulfur leaching. Furthermore, slag leaching experiments were conducted to investigate variation of pH and concentration of major components in the leaching solution. The results show that CaS(s) is easily soluble in water, and when pH>11. 4, CaS(s) dissolves to form Ca(OH)2(s). Use of hydrothermal leaching for sulfur removal from LF desulfurization slag is theoretically feasible. CaSO4(s) is difficult to dissolve and its solubility is always lower than that of CaS(s); therefore, slag oxidation affects negatively sulfur leaching. However, when the pH of the leaching environment is controlled to be above 12. 3, CaSO4(s) is gradually transformed into Ca(OH)2(s). Al2(SO4)3(s) is easily soluble, and it is unlikely that Al will react with sulfur in the solution to form a precipitate. The pH of the leaching solution rises with time and remains at about 12. Calcium concentration in the leaching solution is high, while Al concentration is low. Sulfur concentration in the solution increases with time, and Al in the slag has little effect on sulfur leaching. It is thus concluded that hydrothermal leaching is effective in removing sulfur from LF desulfurization slag.     

Thermochemical and Experimental Considerations of NOx Composition and Iodine Species in the Dissolution of Spent PWR-Fuel Specimens

Abstract

The NO_x composition and iodine species in the dissolution of spent fuels are discussed on the basis of thermochemical calculations and experimental results. The influence of N0_x sparging on the expulsion of iodine is also discussed. The dissolution of a spent PWR-fuel specimen (–3g) in 30 ml of 3.5_MHNO₃ at 100°C is calculated to yield a concentration of 7×10^?2atm of N0₂, which is 80% of the total NO_X in the dissolver. This N0₂ fraction is much higher than experimental values of 15% or less that were reported for dissolver off-gas cooled near to room temperature. The high N0₂ fraction suppresses the formation of iodate (IO₃ ^?) in the dissolution. The calculations predict that IO₃ ^?) is not formed in 3.5 M HNO₃ at 100°C at an NO₂ pressure ≥3×10^?2 atm (3kPa). Attempts to expel iodine from the fuel solution indicated that the main iodine species in the solution was colloidal iodine and not iodate (I0₃ ^?) which earlier workers postulated. The obtained experimental results are consistent with the thermochemical predictions. For the decomposition of the colloidal iodine in the expulsion process, NO₂ sparging has a negative effect. This is because an increase in NO₂ pressure promotes the formation of colloidal Agl.     

Protective Oxide Film on Alloy X750 Formed in Air at 973 K

An effective pre-oxidation method for Alloy X750 was developed to reduce general corrosion in an oxygenated aqueous environment such as in BWR core water. The optimum condition of preoxidation in air at elevated temperatures was found to be 5–20 h at 973 K by considering the allowance condition of heat treatment for age-hardening.

Some characteristics of the corroded oxide film have been clarified by surface analyses with XMA, SIMS, AES, XPS etc. The film was composed of double oxide layers, namely a highly crystallized NiFe₂O₄ outer layer and a high Cr₂O₃ content inner layer. The passive property of the film has been recognized to be due to the nature of the oxides whereby NiFe₂O₄ restricts the dissolution of metals because of its low solubility and Cr₂O₃ restricts the diffusion of metal ions because of its high binding energy and low diffusion coefficient.     

Ionic liquids for coal dissolution,extraction and liquefaction

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. Direct combustion of low- and medium-rank coals causes alarming environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial for coal to undergo pretreatments before its efficient utilization [such as coal to liquid (CTL) processes]. Conventional pretreatment methods suffer from several limitations including the use of volatile organic solvents, environmental hazards, strong reaction conditions (e.g. high temperature and pressure), consumption of large quantities of nonrecoverable chemicals (e.g. bases used in aqueous alkaline digestion), or being only effective for specific coals. On the other hand, coal pretreatment by nonvolatile ionic liquids (ILs) could lead to partial coal dissolution/swelling and structure disruption, which is a critical step before coal liquefaction, hydrogenation, pyrolysis or the inhibition of oxidation/combustion. In addition, ILs are suitable solvents for extracting sulfur compounds from coal, asphaltenes from Direct Coal Liquefaction Residues (DCLR) and phenolic compounds from coal tar. This review will discuss these aspects of coal pretreatments by ILs, and identify how ILs could lead to a cleaner and more efficient utilization of coal resources. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry