采用SO2/O2催化氧化法脱除低铜萃余液中的铁锰

以刚果(金)某企业低铜萃余液为研究对象,开展Na₂S₂O₅/O₂催化氧化常温除铁工艺优化研究。着重考察了新型添加剂(BGX)对铁渣过滤性能和沉降性能的影响,pH值对铁、锰沉淀和钴损失的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析仪(SEM/EDS)表征铁渣的微观形貌及元素组成。结果表明：在催化氧化时间6 h、添加剂BGX用量5 g/L时,采用20%CaO作中和剂调节pH值至3.5左右,铁沉淀去除率可超过99.9%,锰沉淀去除率在83%左右,钴夹带损失为0.95%;除铁渣主要以CaSO₄、夹带的铁锰沉淀物和独立的铁锰水合物形态存在;添加剂BGX有利于减少钴的夹带损失并可改善过滤性能。     

Study on the pilot-scale extraction of onion oleoresin using supercritical CO2

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was used to produce oleoresin from dried onion by pilot-scale extraction. The results showed that the extraction pressure and temperature affected the yield and sulphur concentration of onion oleoresin. Increase of the temperature from 45 to 65°C at 300 bar resulted in an increase of the yield and the sulphur concentration of oleoresin. At the same temperature (45°C) the yield was also higher at 300 bar than 100 bar while sulphur concentration of oleoresin got smaller at 300 bar than at 100 bar. The volatile composition of oleoresin displayed practically no differences as a function of extraction parameters. Comparison of different extraction methods showed that the yield after SC-CO₂ extraction was 22 times higher than that after steam distillation, but it was 14 or 39 times less than that after alcohol extraction, shaking at 25°C or in Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. The concentration of sulphur was the highest in steam distilled onion oil while it was the lowest in the extract of hexane and alcohol (at 25°C). The results of sensory evaluation showed that oleoresin extracted by SC-CO₂ was the first in ranking (at level of significance 0·05), before steam distilled oil and alcoholic extract. There was no significant difference between steam distilled oil and alcoholic extract in ranking, but the alcoholic extract was the least desirable, since the intensity of its off odour attribute was the highest. © 1998 SCI.     

Acid resistance of polyester-impregnated modified cement mortar

The influence of distilled water and sulphuric acid solutions on the physico-mechanical properties of neat and modified cement mortar has been investigated. The samples were immersed in distilled water, and different concentrations of sulphuric acid ranged from 5–15% by vol for immersion times from 1 to 120 days. The effect on the loss of weight, compressive strength, apparent porosity, water absorption, IR, and SEM were studied. The results indicate that the compressive strength and loss of weight decrease, whereas the apparent porosity and water absorption increase with immersion time and acid concentration. These are probably due to partial dissolution of the set cement. IR spectra and SEM studies showed significant changes in some absorption bands and the appearances of new voids of the neat and composite mortars after being immersed in H₂SO₄ solutions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 685–693, 1999     

硬质合金刀具中WC的浸出机理研究

采用蒸馏水和碳酸钠溶液对WC粉和硬质合金刀片进行浸泡试验,并借助扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪等设备,研究硬质合金中WC浸出的影响因素和机理。结果表明,水、碳酸钠均可导致硬质合金中WC的浸出,在较高溶液温度下碳酸钠的影响非常明显。切削液中H+、OH-和HCO3-等离子的存在是WC浸出的根本原因,钨最终以WO24-形态进入溶液而从刀片表面脱落。     

顶空固相微萃取- 气相色谱- 质谱法测定苹果渣发酵蒸馏酒的香气成分

以顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定苹果渣发酵蒸馏酒和酒精浸泡苹果渣蒸馏酒中的香气成分。经过鉴定分析,在苹果渣发酵蒸馏酒中,共测得57种挥发性香气成分,其中酯类物质30种、羧酸类物质5种、醇类物质6种、酮类物质1种、烃类物质14种、其他香气物质1种,相对含量分别占总挥发性香气物质的50.604%、6.322%、22.207%、0.254%、20.542%、0.013%;在酒精浸泡苹果渣蒸馏酒中,共测得37种挥发性香气成分,其中酯类物质22种、羧酸类物质3种、醇类物质2种、烃类物质9种、其他香气物质1种,相对含量分别占总挥发性香气物质的64.272%、2.538%、14.885%、17.437%、0.911%。通过比较分析,苹果渣发酵蒸馏酒中香气成分的种类显著多于酒精浸泡苹果渣蒸馏酒,香气成分分布更加均匀,口感更加醇厚自然,层次感更强。发酵结束后,酒体在保留苹果渣中营养成分的同时,也具有苹果的独特香气。研究说明苹果渣用于生产发酵蒸馏酒是更加利于其综合利用的一种途径。     

高硅灰酒糟基粉状活性炭成型及性能

以粉状白酒糟物理活化炭为原料,以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、煤焦油和酒糟活性炭灰分碱处理溶出液为粘结剂,研究了高含Si灰生物质粉末活性炭的成型方法. 结果表明,单独以CMC和煤焦油作为粘结剂,在4.0 MPa成型压力下所制成型活性炭的侧压强度达120 N/cm,但其碘吸附能力低于400 mg/g. 利用酒糟基活性炭灰碱处理溶出液,仅添加少量CMC成型的活性炭达到相同侧压强度,吸附能力达600 mg/g以上,明显高于仅添加CMC或煤焦油成型的活性炭,以及原活性炭粉. 对成型活性炭进行了红外光谱、XRD及SEM表征,分析了其粘结机理.     

筒式电热蒸馏水器的节水改造

筒式电热蒸馏水器是一种常用的制作蒸馏水设备,因为它结构简单,价格低,所以被相关单位广泛使用。但是它在使用中存在水资源浪费大,不能停水等缺点,因此利用二次供水方式加以改造,可以起到节约水资源,安全可靠的作用。     

Recovery of Technetium with Active Carbon Column in Partitioning Process of High-Level Liquid Waste

Blistering and exfoliation of several tungsten alloys, which cause surface damage, were investigated using 3-MeV He-ion bombardment at room temperature (RT), 400, and 550°C. The alloy W-0.3TiC, which was fabricated by the mechanical alloying method and had an ultrafine grain structure, a K-doped W alloy, and pure W metal were examined to explore a way of suppressing the surface damage. In RT irradiation, surface exfoliation occurred at a fluence of (1–2) × 10²² He/m² in all the tested specimens. In the case of 550°C irradiation, surface exfoliation was observed above 2 × 10²² He/m² irradiation in pure W and K-doped W, but no surface exfoliation was observed in W-0.3TiC up to a fluence of 2 × 10²³ He/m². The results showed that W-0.3TiC showed a higher resistance to surface exfoliation by He-ion bombardment and the level of resistance was temperature-dependent. The surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, and microstructure were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Helium thermal desorption spectrometry was carried out to determine the mechanism whereby the surface attained resistance to the damage through He-ion bombardment. The improvement in the resistance to the surface exfoliation could be attributed to the ultrafine grain structure and the intergranular enhanced He diffusion behavior of the MA-processed material.     

酒糟在流化床中燃烧特性的试验研究

利用X射线荧光光谱仪、灰熔点仪和热重分析仪等对酒糟的灰成分、灰熔点及着火温度进行了测试,并在小型流化床试验台上进行了酒糟燃烧试验,对不同含水率酒糟的着火特性、烧结特性和NOx排放质量浓度进行了研究.结果表明:酒糟灰中K2O和Na2O的含量很低,只有4.936%;酒糟灰的软化温度较高,高于1 290℃;干燥酒糟的挥发分较高,高于250℃就能够着火燃烧;当石英砂的平均粒径为300μm、流化床内的流化速度大于0.36m/s时,流化状况良好;在900℃下,酒糟在石英砂流化床中燃烧不会出现烧结现象;在不同的燃烧温度下,NOx排放质量浓度均较大,且随着燃烧温度的升高而增大;酒糟可以在石英砂流化床中燃烧,且燃尽效果良好.     

C5抽余液选择性加氢工艺研究

通过对C5抽余液选择性加氢的工艺条件试验,考察了入口温度、氢油体积比、体积空速和反应压力等主要工艺条件对反应转化率的影响。得出适宜的工艺条件:在稀释进料,C5/环己烷为1/2,反应入口温度为44℃,氢油体积比(对原料C5)为500∶1,体积空速(对C5原料)为1.0 h-1,反应压力为基准+2.0 MPa,加氢后的C5组分中二烯烃及炔烃总含量小于1.0%。1 000 h的稳定性实验证明该催化剂具有很好的活性稳定性。