Fundamental investigation of plug conveying of cohesionless particles in a vertical pipe (pressure drop and friction of a stationary plug)

A stationary packed bed of cohesionless particles is set up in a vertical pipe for the fundamental study of plug conveying. The effect of flow acceleration or deceleration on the pressure drop of the plug is investigated first. It is found that the pressure drop increases due to the flow acceleration and vice versa. Next, the following three kinds of experiments were made for the study of friction characteristics: 1. Friction between the plug and moving wall without air flow, 2. Friction between the plug and wall with downward air flow, 3. Friction between the plug and wall with upward air flow. The results are compared with the theory established in powder mechanics. The state of stress being of the active or passive case is discussed. Finally the problem of particles raining down from the back of the plug is studied. It is shown that the air velocity necessary to support the particles can be calculated based on a simple analysis of pressure distribution around the particles.     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

均匀设计法优选制备复方天麻滴丸的最佳工艺

目的研究制备复方天麻滴丸的最佳工艺.方法选用U9(94)进行均匀设计优选滴丸的制备工艺.以硬度、拖尾、粘连及综合结果为指标,考察基质与药物之比、PEG 4000与PEG 6000之比、料温(溶解药物基质的温度)及滴距(滴管口与冷却液面之间的距离)对制备滴丸的影响.结果最佳的工艺条件为:基质与药物的比例为7:1,PEG 4000与PEG 6000之比为1:5,料温96℃,滴距5 cm.结论均匀设计法是优化复方天麻滴丸制备工艺的有利工具.     

Agreement and repeatability of four different devices to measure non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT)

PurposeSince tear film stability can be affected by fluorescein, the Dry Eye Workshop (DEWSII) recommended non-invasive measurement of tear breakup time (NIBUT). The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement and repeatability of four different instruments in the measurement of NIBUT.Methods72 participants (mean 24.2 ± 3.6 years) were recruited for this multi-centre, cross-sectional study. NIBUT was measured three times from one eye using each of the instruments in randomized order on two separate sessions during a day, separated by at least 2 h. NIBUT was performed at three sites (Switzerland, Germany and UK) using three subjective instruments, Tearscope Plus (Keeler, Windsor, UK) (TS), Polaris (bon Optic, Lübeck, Germany) (POL), EasyTear Viewplus (Easytear, Rovereto, Italy) (ET) and the objective Keratograph 5 M (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) (KER). As the latter instrument only analyses for 24 s, all data was capped at this value.ResultsNIBUT measurements (average of both sessions) between the four instruments were not statistically significantly different: TS (median 10.4, range 2.0–24.0 s), POL (10.1, 1.0–24.0 s), ET (10.6, 1.0–24.0 s) and KER (11.1, 2.6–24.0 s) (p = 0.949). The objective KER measures were on average (1.2 s ± 9.6 s, 95 % confidence interval) greater than the subjective evaluations of NIBUT with the other instruments (mean difference 0.4 s ± 7.7 s, 95 % confidence interval), resulting in a higher limits of agreement. The slope was -0.08 to 0.11 indicating no bias in the difference between instruments with the magnitude of the NIBUT. Repeated measurements from the two sessions were not significantly different for TS (p = 0.584), POL (p = 0.549), ET (p = 0.701) or KER (p = 0.261).ConclusionsThe four instruments evaluated for their measurement of tear stability were reasonably repeatable and give similar average results.     

滤嘴参数对细支烟主流烟气中代表性香味成分释放量的影响

  目的  研究滤嘴参数（滤棒压降、滤嘴通风率）对细支烟香味成分释放的影响。  方法  按单因素设计制备60个卷烟样品,采用CH2Cl2浸提、GC/MS分析测定滤片捕集的代表性香味成分。在此基础上,建立并筛选了滤嘴参数对香味成分释放量的预测模型。  结果  ① 细支烟主流烟气中代表性碱性、中性、酸性和香味成分总释放量与滤棒压降和滤嘴通风率均呈显著负相关;②滤棒压降对细支烟主流烟气香味成分释放量的影响高于常规烟,而滤嘴通风则相反。③外部验证结果显示,4个预测模型的平均预测偏差在4.23%~5.95%之间,所建立的模型预测精度良好。      

香梨与瓦楞纸板跌落碰撞的接触应力分布分析及损伤预测

为了实现香梨果实跌落碰撞时损伤面积的准确评估和预测,本研究采用Prescale感压胶片对香梨与瓦楞纸板不同高度跌落碰撞下的接触应力分布进行测量分析,探讨接触应力分布与损伤面积的关系,确定了最接近损伤面积的应力面积范围。并在此基础上采用有限元模拟方法对香梨碰撞瓦楞纸板的损伤面积进行预测分析。研究结果表明,感压胶片测量的接触应力分布中0.20 MPa范围的应力面积与损伤面积最为接近,相对误差率平均为6.81%。当该应力范围应用于有限元模拟的损伤面积预测时,香梨损伤面积的预测值略高于实际损伤面积,损伤预测的相对误差率平均约为13.29%,显著提高了预测精度,实现了有限元法对香梨与瓦楞纸板跌落碰撞损伤面积的较准确地预测,为今后香梨机械化作业中减损设计提供了研究基础。     

滤棒成型工艺参数与质量稳定性的关系

为有效控制滤棒成型过程中的质量波动,用2.4Y/34000、3.0Y/35000和3.3Y/37000规格的醋纤丝束在KDF-2型滤棒成型机上进行了丝束开松比、螺纹辊压力、空气喷嘴压力及稳定辊压力对滤棒压降和硬度指标稳定性的影响试验。结果表明①在丝束规格一定的情况下,辊速比、螺纹辊压力、空气喷嘴压力及稳定辊压力等参数对醋纤丝束稳定开松和成型起决定性作用。②不同规格的丝束对辊速比的选择略有不同,对于2.4Y/34000规格的丝束,辊速比为1.20~1.25;3.0Y/35000规格的丝束,辊速比为1.40~1.45;3.3Y/37000规格的丝束,辊速比为1.50~1.55时,可获得最稳定的滤棒压降和硬度。③在试验范围内,螺纹辊压力控制在0.18~0.20MPa、稳定辊压力控制在0.08~0.10MPa较适宜。④为保证滤棒质量稳定,在满足加工目标的前提下,应尽量减小空气喷嘴压力,一般不宜超过0.08MPa。     

香菇脆热泵—瞬时压差膨化干燥工艺优化

目的:针对真空油炸香菇脆片含油率高,长期食用存在健康隐患问题,开发优质非油炸香菇(整果)脆。方法:利用瞬时压差膨化(instant controlled pressure drop, DIC)技术,通过均匀设计,探究热泵预干燥含水率、膨化温度、真空干燥温度对香菇脆膨化度、复水比、总色差、硬度和脆度的影响,通过加权综合评分法构建多项式回归模型,优化求解并进行实验验证。结果:香菇脆DIC最优工艺参数为预干燥含水率35.63%,膨化温度100℃,真空干燥温度64.17℃,此条件下的香菇脆膨化度为69.34%,色差为20.68,硬度为108.16 N,脆度为75.79。结论:均匀设计结合响应面可优化香菇脆DIC工艺,得到高品质非油炸香菇脆。     

肩斜度的结构平衡

分析了服装肩部结构平衡的重要性,着重讨论了影响肩斜度结构平衡的五个方面——落肩、垫肩、横开领、前后肩斜度以及肩省。     

男装衬衫滴针工艺的技术创新及工业应用

为克服现有贡针工艺的弊端,发明了滴针工艺.通过调节底线与面线的松紧程度,使底线与面线的交结点浮凸出衣料表面,形成花色.在此基础上,通过采用不同特数的面线和底线,以此获得更大、更立体的装饰线效果;通过采用弹性纤维的面线或底线,能获得蓬松感的装饰线效果;通过采用双股线的面线或底线,能获得彩色装饰线效果;通过调节面线和底线交结点之间的距离,能获得其他装饰线效果.在不增加设备的基础上,实现了贡针工艺的效果.