关于我国核电安全、高效发展与经济发展相均衡的探讨

我国核电经过约一年半的安检、评估、规划后,在核安全规划、核电安全规划和核电发展规划发布后,于2012年11月重新启动,建设安全、高效的核电产业是这次核电重启的战略与方针.核安全是核电的生命线,我国核电安全的具体目标是:每堆年发生严重堆芯损坏事件的概率低于十万分之一,每堆年发生大量放射性物质释放事件的概率低于百万分之一.我国建设了安全性更好的二代改进型及三代示范堆核电站,从二代到三代,安全性、技术先进性在不断提高.我国运行核电机组安全业绩良好,安全是有保障的.核电高效发展是核电站效率、规模和建设速度的问题,就是要高效能、高效用、高效益发展核电.1985～2011年,我国用26年时间只建成了15台核电机组,装机容量只占电力总装机容量的1.1％,发展速度并不快.为了满足日益增长的能源需求,今后仍应积极推进核电建设,规模、批量建设核电站.至2015年应建成核电装机容量40000MW,至2020年应建成核电60000～70000MW,在建机组保持在30000MW左右.我国核电站比投资在不断下降,容量因子、设备可用率在不断提高,核燃料燃耗在不断加深.核电高效发展本身也包括经济发展核电,要在“安全第一”的前提下,处理好安全、高效、经济之间的关系,均衡统一发展.     

安全高效是核能可持续发展的保障

叙述了目前提高核能使用效率存在的问题以及3种丰富核燃料供应的技术途径,指出,尽管核能有着不可估量的利用前景,但是只有做到安全高效,才能真正保证核能的可持续发展。     

高效油气分离器设计

进行某型号增压发动机的开发,为了适应严格的环保要求,同时降低发动机使用维护成本,降低机油消耗,对燃烧废气的处理成为该发动机设计理念中重要的一点。高效的油气分离可以将曲轴箱废气中的大部分润滑油尽可能从废气中分离出来,通过涡旋式高效分离后经过回油通道再次回到润滑系统中,从而实现降低机油耗的目的。     

聚光太阳能吸热管的吸热传热特性

基于太阳能选择性吸收涂层的辐射性能,建立聚光太阳能吸热管光热耦合传输的数理模型,理论研究聚光太阳能吸热管的吸热传热特性。研究表明,吸热管壁温度随着聚光能流密度增加而线性升高,而吸热效率在中等聚光能流密度时达最大值。太阳能选择性吸收涂层性能对吸热传热有重要影响,具有低红外发射系数涂层的系统吸热效率明显较高,而红外辐射能量损失率则在中等聚光能流密度时最小。管内强迫对流可以显著提高吸热管效能,吸热效率随流速增加而提高,而管壁温度则显著下降。     

An onboard hydrogen generator for hydrogen enhanced combustion with internal combustion engine

Hydrogen enhanced combustion (HEC) for internal combustion engine is known to be a simple mean for improving engine efficiency in fuel saving and cleaner exhaust. An onboard compact and high efficient methanol steam reformer is made and installed in the tailpipe of a vehicle to produce hydrogen continuously onboard by using the waste heat of the engine for heating up the reformer; this provides a practical device for the HEC to become a reality. This use of waste heat from engine enables an extremely high process efficiency of 113% to convert methanol (8.68 MJ) for 1.0 NM of hydrogen (9.83 MJ) and low cost of using hydrogen as an enhancer or as a fuel itself. The test results of HEC from the onboard hydrogen production are presented with 2 gasoline engine vehicles and 2 diesel engines; the results indicate a hike of engine efficiency in 15–25% fuel saving and a 40–50% pollutants reduction including 70% reduction of exhaust smoke. The use of hydrogen as an enhancer brings about 2–3 fold of net reductions in energy, carbon dioxide emission and fuel cost expense over the input of methanol feed for hydrogen production.     

An efficient external sorting with minimal space requirement

An efficient external sorting algorithm with minimal space requirement is presented in this article. The average number of passes over the data is approximately 1 +Ln(N + 1)/4B, whereN is the number of records in the file to be sorted, andB is the buffer size. The external storage requirement is only the file itself, no additional disk space is required. The internal storage requirement is four buffers: two for input, and two for output. The buffer size can be adjusted to the available memory space. A stack of size log₂ N is also required.This work was partially supported by a fellowship and grant from Western Michigan University.     

铜阳极泥中硒铜银分离提取的基础条件研究

随着光导材料以及功能玻璃技术的不断发展,硒作为光学材料硫系玻璃合成的基础元素,其回收利用已成为研究热点。铜阳极泥中富含硒、铜、银元素,是重要的二次资源。采用H2SO4—MnO2浸出体系从铜阳极泥中浸出硒、铜、银的工艺,可实现硒、铜、银元素的选择性分步提取。研究了H2SO4浓度、浸出时间、浸出温度、MnO2添加量等对硒、铜、银浸出率的影响。同时,针对浸出液中硒、铜、银的选择性分离,还研究了NaCl添加量、Na2SO3添加量和浸出液pH值对于硒、铜、银沉淀率的影响。研究结果表明,在H2SO4浓度为1mol/L,浸出时间为1h,浸出温度为80℃,MnO2添加量为铜阳极泥质量的50%的基础条件下,硒、铜、银的浸出率分别达到95.34%、98.28%和99.32%,优于传统火法冶炼工艺,为含硒物料的绿色、高效分离提取提供了理论依据和数据支撑。     

论新时代饲料工程项目设计建设的原则

饲料工程项目设计与建设的质量对饲料生产线建成后的生产质量、效率、能耗、成本、生产安全、环境等都会造成长期影响.因而,饲料工程项目的设计、建设中必须坚持正确的设计与建设原则.在以往的饲料工厂设计文献包括教材、设计手册、专业书籍等中,介绍的设计原则主要是技术上可行,经济上合理、节约用地.当前,我国饲料工业已进入创新驱动、绿...     

高效白酒自动灌装生产线控制系统研究与实现

为提高白酒灌装生产线的效率,根据灌装流程及设计要求,设计了自动灌装线的结构,确定了灌装线上各关键设备,并实现了生产线的控制系统。该系统采用双站复检称重定量式灌装机,控制系统以西门子S7-300PLC为主控中心,触摸屏HMI为人机操作界面,变频器等作为系统执行机构,可以时刻监控系统的运行状况,并设置系统所有的运行参数,便于操作者对设备的人性化管理。通过实际现场应用,此白酒灌装生产线具有生产效率高、自动化程度高、操作简单、稳定等优点。     

Modeling and numerical analyses of microwave plasmas for optimizations of a reactor design and its operating conditions

A model of MW plasmas has been developed, which prescribes distributions of electron temperature as well as electron number density under self-consistent electromagnetic field. In the proposed model, an energy balance equation is algebraically solved, and only electron continuity equation is essentially coupled to the Maxwell equations. Preliminary simulations are carried out and the results are compared with corresponding results obtained by using other model.