双酚S影响3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化及其作用机制的研究

双酚A(BPA)的内分泌干扰作用以及对人体产生的不良影响,使双酚S(BPS)作为替代品在食品包装材料中应用更加广泛。BPS在大规模应用之前,并没有对其安全性进行充分研究。本文以3T3-L1前脂肪细胞为体外模型,探究BPS对3T3-L1前细胞分化的影响及作用途径,评价BPS安全性的同时,也为肥胖等慢性代谢疾病的预防提供参考。研究结果表明:BPS能促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞生长,当浓度超过400μmol/L时,才能显著抑制细胞的增殖;BPS能显著诱导分化的3T3-L1细胞内脂质的积累,并呈现非剂量依赖关系;与模型组相比,BPA上调PPARγ、C/EBR和aP2基因的表达,而BPS只作用PPARγ基因的过表达,BPS和BPA都能使GLUT4基因的表达显著下降(p0.01)。总之BPS和BPA作用脂肪细胞分化的途径不完全一样,可能是在多种转录因子的共同作用下完成的。     

黄河(兰州段)壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚及其降解产物污染的初步研究

本文以黄河(兰州段)为研究对象,对其流域的4个排污点的水样和6个断面各个介质(包括水体、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物)中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO)及其降解产物壬基酚的污染进行调查.结果表明,4个排污点水样中分别含有浓度不等的NP;6个断面采样点中,大分子的NPnEO(n>2)在各个介质中均未检出,水样中NP在0.24～2.1...     

Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on pancreas development,enzyme activity,and relative gene expression in milk-fed Holstein dairy calves

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with leucine and phenylalanine on pancreas development, enzyme activity, and related gene expression in male Holstein calves. Twenty male Holstein calves [1 d of age, 38 ± 3 kg of body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 treatment groups with 5 calves in each group: control, leucine supplementation (1.435 g/L of milk), phenylalanine supplementation (0.725 g/L of milk), and leucine and phenylalanine (1.435 + 0.725 g/L of milk). The diets were made isonitrogenous with the inclusion of alanine in each respective treatment. The feeding trial lasted for 8 wk, including 1 wk for adaption and 7 wk for the feeding experiment. Leucine tended to increase the concentration of total pancreatic protein (mg/kg of BW). Phenylalanine increased the concentrations of plasma insulin, cholecystokinin, and pancreatic DNA (mg/g) and the expression of trypsin gene but decreased the pancreatic protein:DNA ratio and tended to decrease the pancreas weight (g/kg of BW). No differences were observed in total pancreatic DNA (mg/pancreas and mg/kg of BW), pancreatic protein (mg/pancreas), or activities of α-amylase, trypsin, and lipase. The relative expression levels of the genes encoding α-amylase and lipase did not differ among the 4 groups. The supplementation of both leucine and phenylalanine showed an interaction on the pancreas weight (g and g/kg of BW) and a tendency of an interaction on the pancreatic protein concentration (mg/g of pancreas and mg/kg of BW) and the plasma glucose concentration. Leucine tended to increase the size of the pancreatic cells, whereas phenylalanine tended to increase the number of pancreatic cells. However, neither AA affected the activities of the pancreatic enzymes of the calves. These results indicate that leucine and phenylalanine supplementation in milk-fed Holstein calves differentially affect pancreatic growth and development.     

LC-MS/MS analytical procedure to quantify tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite,as a source of the endocrine disruptors 4-nonylphenols,in food packaging materials

Tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, an antioxidant used in polyethylene resins for food applications, is problematic since it is a source of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals 4-nonylphenols (4NP) upon migration into packaged foods. As a response to concerns surrounding the presence of 4NP-based compounds in packaging materials, some resin producers and additive suppliers have decided to eliminate TNPP from formulations. This paper describes an analytical procedure to verify the “TNPP-free” statement in multilayer laminates used for bag-in-box packaging. The method involves extraction of TNPP from laminates with organic solvents followed by detection/quantification by LC-MS/MS using the atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mode. A further acidic treatment of the latter extract allows the release of 4NP from potentially extracted TNPP. 4NP is then analysed by LC-MS/MS using electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode. This two-step analytical procedure ensures not only TNPP quantification in laminates, but also allows the flagging of other possible sources of 4NP in such packaging materials, typically as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). The limits of quantification were 0.50 and 0.48 µg dm^–2 for TNPP and 4NP in laminates, respectively, with recoveries ranging between 87% and 114%. Usage of such analytical methodologies in quality control operations has pointed to a lack of traceability at the packaging supplier level and cross-contamination of extrusion equipment at the converter level, when TNPP-containing laminates are processed on the same machine beforehand.     

羊胰酶制备工艺优化

以研究羊胰脏提取胰酶工艺参数为目的。用低浓度异丙醇做提取剂,高浓度异丙醇做沉淀剂,在单因素基础上,运用均匀设计法研究激活时间、沉淀剂浓度、提取pH值和CaCl2对羊胰酶提取工艺的影响。胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰脂肪酶活力和胰酶提取率为响应指标,通过偏最小二乘回归(PLS)分析法对胰酶制备工艺的影响因素进行优化组合,并建立了具有制备条件的数学模型。试验结果表明,羊胰酶制备最适条件为:激活时间12 h、沉淀剂浓度41%、提取pH值6.34和CaCl2 0.08%。此条件下验证实测值胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰脂肪酶的活力和胰酶提取率分别为3 062.78 u/g、30.06 ku/g、32.37 ku/g和6.16%,与理论预测值的相对误差分别为8.11%、1.28%、3.55%和5.29%。进一步验证了数学二次多项式回归模型的适合性,PLS优化结果的合理性。     

Placental Endocrine Activity: Adaptation and Disruption of Maternal Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Influence of Fetal Sex

The placenta is an endocrine fetal organ, which secretes a plethora of steroid- and proteo-hormones, metabolic proteins, growth factors, and cytokines in order to adapt maternal physiology to pregnancy. Central to the growth of the fetus is the supply with nutrients, foremost with glucose. Therefore, during pregnancy, maternal insulin resistance arises, which elevates maternal blood glucose levels, and consequently ensures an adequate glucose supply for the developing fetus. At the same time, maternal β-cell mass and function increase to compensate for the higher insulin demand. These adaptations are also regulated by the endocrine function of the placenta. Excessive insulin resistance or the inability to increase insulin production accordingly disrupts physiological modulation of pregnancy mediated glucose metabolism and may cause maternal gestational diabetes (GDM). A growing body of evidence suggests that this adaptation of maternal glucose metabolism differs between pregnancies carrying a girl vs. pregnancies carrying a boy. Moreover, the risk of developing GDM differs depending on the sex of the fetus. Sex differences in placenta derived hormones and bioactive proteins, which adapt and modulate maternal glucose metabolism, are likely to contribute to this sexual dimorphism. This review provides an overview on the adaptation and maladaptation of maternal glucose metabolism by placenta-derived factors, and highlights sex differences in this regulatory network.     

Islet Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell mass that contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis. Although an optimal treatment option would be to simply replace the lost cells, it is now well established that unlike many other organs, the adult pancreas has limited regenerative potential. For this reason, significant research efforts are focusing on methods to induce beta cell proliferation (replication of existing beta cells), promote beta cell formation from alternative endogenous cell sources (neogenesis), and/or generate beta cells from pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we will review (i) endogenous mechanisms of beta cell regeneration during steady state, stress and disease; (ii) efforts to stimulate endogenous regeneration and transdifferentiation; and (iii) exogenous methods of beta cell generation and transplantation.     

生态塘中17α-块雌醇的去除途径与机制

为了考察生态塘污水处理系统中17α-炔雌醇(EE2)的去除途径与机制,采用静态试验、动态吸附试验和连续流试验研究了菌藻塘和浮萍塘中EE2的降解与吸附特性,并进行了静态试验的质量平衡计算;采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定EE2的质量浓度.结果表明,接种的藻类和浮萍提高了废水中EE2的去除率.在持续180min的动态吸附试验中分别有25%和80%的EE2被藻类和浮萍所吸附,但6d的EE2质量平衡试验结果却显示被吸附的EE2只占6%,说明生态塘中的EE2首先被生物质快速吸附,而吸附态的EE2又被系统中的微生物进一步降解.连续流试验的结果也显示即使废水中的EE2质量浓度为ng/L级,菌藻塘和浮萍塘仍能有效地将其从废水中去除.吸附和生物降解是污水生态塘处理工程中EE2去除的主要途径.     

松花江水内分泌干扰物及雌激素活性调查

为明确松花江水体中内分泌干扰物的污染状况,利用固相萃取富集-气质联机/重组基因酵母对松花江全江11个典型断面进行全面采样分析.结果表明：江水中∑5ES质量浓度在6.59～30.97 ng/L,平均值为17.23 ng/L,出现最大质量浓度的位置是达连河排污口,雌酮（E1）和雌二醇（E2）是其中贡献最大雌激素,其质量浓度...     

Differential Proteomic Analysis of the Pancreas of Diabetic db/db Mice Reveals the Proteins Involved in the Development of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Diabetes results from pancreatic inability to secrete the insulin needed to overcome this resistance. We analyzed the protein profile from the pancreas of ten-week old diabetic db/db and wild type mice through proteomics. Pancreatic proteins were separated in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and significant changes in db/db mice respect to wild type mice were observed in 27 proteins. Twenty five proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) and their interactions were analyzed using search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) and database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID). Some of these proteins were Pancreatic α-amylase, Cytochrome b5, Lithostathine-1, Lithostathine-2, Chymotrypsinogen B, Peroxiredoxin-4, Aspartyl aminopeptidase, Endoplasmin, and others, which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, as well as in oxidative stress, and inflammation. Remarkably, these are mostly endoplasmic reticulum proteins related to peptidase activity, i.e., they are involved in proteolysis, glucose catabolism and in the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. These results suggest mechanisms for insulin resistance, and the chronic inflammatory state observed in diabetes.